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result sql = The determinants of plasma beta-carotene: interaction between smoking and other lifestyle factors.
The determinants of plasma beta-carotene: interaction between smoking and other lifestyle factors.
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char = c;code = 99
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char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = f;code = 102
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char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
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char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
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char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
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char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
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char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
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char = D;code = 68
char = L;code = 76
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char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
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char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
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char = ;code = 32
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
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char = o;code = 111
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char = f;code = 102
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char = c;code = 99
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char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
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result sql = OBJECTIVE : To assess the effect of cigarette smoking on the relationship between dietary intake and circulating levels of beta-carotene.

DESIGN : A secondary analysis of data collected for the Diet and Nutritional Survey of British Adults by The Department of Health and The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food; the study was a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of the British population.

SETTING : The study was conducted on a free living adult (16-64 years of age) population resident in Great Britain.

SUBJECTS : 1483 subjects completed a seven day weighed inventory and provided a blood sample.

RESULTS : Smokers had statistically significantly lower dietary intakes and circulating levels of beta-carotene than non-smokers. At the same level of dietary intake, smokers were more likely to have lower circulating levels than non-smokers. For every 1000 micrograms change in dietary intake, there was a 0.01 mumol/l change in plasma beta-carotene in smokers and a 0.04 mumol/l change in non-smokers. The effect of smoking on circulating levels of beta-carotene persisted after adjusting for other factors.

CONCLUSIONS : The results suggest that smoking places extra demands on the host; the higher risk of heart disease for smokers may be due to a combination of an increased inflammatory response, reduced host defences, and increased levels of circulating LDL. Failure to take account of the interaction between risk factors may distort the estimates of the relative importance of each factor when considered in isolation.

Publication: Eur J Clin Nutr 1996 Apr ;50(4)::236-8.
Publication Date: 1996 Apr
Study Author(s): Margetts, B M;Jackson, A A;
Institution: Wessex Institute of Public Health Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, UK.
Shortcut link to this study:
OBJECTIVE : To assess the effect of cigarette smoking on the relationship between dietary intake and circulating levels of beta-carotene.

DESIGN : A secondary analysis of data collected for the Diet and Nutritional Survey of British Adults by The Department of Health and The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food; the study was a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of the British population.

SETTING : The study was conducted on a free living adult (16-64 years of age) population resident in Great Britain.

SUBJECTS : 1483 subjects completed a seven day weighed inventory and provided a blood sample.

RESULTS : Smokers had statistically significantly lower dietary intakes and circulating levels of beta-carotene than non-smokers. At the same level of dietary intake, smokers were more likely to have lower circulating levels than non-smokers. For every 1000 micrograms change in dietary intake, there was a 0.01 mumol/l change in plasma beta-carotene in smokers and a 0.04 mumol/l change in non-smokers. The effect of smoking on circulating levels of beta-carotene persisted after adjusting for other factors.

CONCLUSIONS : The results suggest that smoking places extra demands on the host; the higher risk of heart disease for smokers may be due to a combination of an increased inflammatory response, reduced host defences, and increased levels of circulating LDL. Failure to take account of the interaction between risk factors may distort the estimates of the relative importance of each factor when considered in isolation.
PMID: 8730610

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