|
|
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = -;code = 45
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Calcium-dependent bidirectional power stroke of the dynein arms in sea urchin sperm axonemes.
Calcium-dependent bidirectional power stroke of the dynein arms in sea urchin sperm axonemes.char = A;code = 65
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = X;code = 88
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = 2;code = 50
char = +;code = 43
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = 2;code = 50
char = +;code = 43
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = -;code = 45
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
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result sql = Active sliding between doublet microtubules of sea urchin sperm axonemes that were demembranated with Triton X-100 in the presence or absence of calcium was induced with ATP and elastase at various concentrations of Ca2+ to examine the effects of Ca2+ on the direction of the power stroke of the dynein arms. Dark-field light microscopy of microtubule sliding revealed that the sliding from the axonemes demembranated with Triton and millimolar calcium and disintegrated with ATP and elastase showed various patterns of sliding disintegration, including loops of doublet microtubules formed near the head or the basal body. These loops were often thicker than the remaining axonemal bundle. In contrast, only thinner loops were found from the axonemes demembranated with Triton in the absence of calcium and disintegrated with ATP and elastase at high Ca2+ concentrations. Electron microscopic examination of the direction of microtubule sliding showed that the doublet microtubules in the axonemes demembranated in the presence of millimolar calcium moved toward the base of the axonemes by the dynein arms on the adjacent doublet microtubule as well as by their own dynein arms. Doublet microtubules in the axonemes demembranated in the absence of calcium moved toward the base of the axonemes only by their own dynein arms. Similar observations have been obtained from the axonemes from which the outer dynein arms were selectively extracted. From these observations, we can conclude that the dynein arms generate force in both directions and this feature of the dynein arms arises from at least the inner dynein arms.
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char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Calcium-dependent bidirectional power stroke of the dynein arms in sea urchin sperm axonemes.
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = X;code = 88
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = 2;code = 50
char = +;code = 43
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = 2;code = 50
char = +;code = 43
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = -;code = 45
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
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char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
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char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = w;code = 119
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = 2;code = 50
char = +;code = 43
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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result sql = Active sliding between doublet microtubules of sea urchin sperm axonemes that were demembranated with Triton X-100 in the presence or absence of calcium was induced with ATP and elastase at various concentrations of Ca2+ to examine the effects of Ca2+ on the direction of the power stroke of the dynein arms. Dark-field light microscopy of microtubule sliding revealed that the sliding from the axonemes demembranated with Triton and millimolar calcium and disintegrated with ATP and elastase showed various patterns of sliding disintegration, including loops of doublet microtubules formed near the head or the basal body. These loops were often thicker than the remaining axonemal bundle. In contrast, only thinner loops were found from the axonemes demembranated with Triton in the absence of calcium and disintegrated with ATP and elastase at high Ca2+ concentrations. Electron microscopic examination of the direction of microtubule sliding showed that the doublet microtubules in the axonemes demembranated in the presence of millimolar calcium moved toward the base of the axonemes by the dynein arms on the adjacent doublet microtubule as well as by their own dynein arms. Doublet microtubules in the axonemes demembranated in the absence of calcium moved toward the base of the axonemes only by their own dynein arms. Similar observations have been obtained from the axonemes from which the outer dynein arms were selectively extracted. From these observations, we can conclude that the dynein arms generate force in both directions and this feature of the dynein arms arises from at least the inner dynein arms.
Publication: J. Cell. Sci. 1996 Dec ;109 ( Pt 12):2833-42.
Publication Date: 1996 Dec
Study Author(s): Ishijima, S;Kubo-Irie, M;Mohri, H;Hamaguchi, Y;
Institution: Biological Laboratory, Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan.
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 1996 Dec
Study Author(s): Ishijima, S;Kubo-Irie, M;Mohri, H;Hamaguchi, Y;
Institution: Biological Laboratory, Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan.
Shortcut link to this study:
Active sliding between doublet microtubules of sea urchin sperm axonemes that were demembranated with Triton X-100 in the presence or absence of calcium was induced with ATP and elastase at various concentrations of Ca2+ to examine the effects of Ca2+ on the direction of the power stroke of the dynein arms. Dark-field light microscopy of microtubule sliding revealed that the sliding from the axonemes demembranated with Triton and millimolar calcium and disintegrated with ATP and elastase showed various patterns of sliding disintegration, including loops of doublet microtubules formed near the head or the basal body. These loops were often thicker than the remaining axonemal bundle. In contrast, only thinner loops were found from the axonemes demembranated with Triton in the absence of calcium and disintegrated with ATP and elastase at high Ca2+ concentrations. Electron microscopic examination of the direction of microtubule sliding showed that the doublet microtubules in the axonemes demembranated in the presence of millimolar calcium moved toward the base of the axonemes by the dynein arms on the adjacent doublet microtubule as well as by their own dynein arms. Doublet microtubules in the axonemes demembranated in the absence of calcium moved toward the base of the axonemes only by their own dynein arms. Similar observations have been obtained from the axonemes from which the outer dynein arms were selectively extracted. From these observations, we can conclude that the dynein arms generate force in both directions and this feature of the dynein arms arises from at least the inner dynein arms.
PMID: 9013331
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