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= o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = /;code = 47 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = 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h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = M;code = 77 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code 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char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = z;code = 122 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = -;code = 45 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 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v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = M;code = 77 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 1;code = 49 char = 3;code = 51 char = 1;code = 49 char = );code = 41 char = I;code = 73 char = -;code = 45 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = M;code = 77 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = M;code = 77 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = F;code = 70 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 1;code = 49 char = 1;code = 49 char = 1;code = 49 char = );code = 41 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 1;code = 49 char = 3;code = 51 char = 1;code = 49 char = );code = 41 char = I;code = 73 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = M;code = 77 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = r;code = 114 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = M;code = 77 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 1;code = 49 char = 1;code = 49 char = 1;code = 49 char = );code = 41 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = M;code = 77 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = j;code = 106 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = -;code = 45 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = M;code = 77 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 1;code = 49 char = 1;code = 49 char = 1;code = 49 char = );code = 41 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = -;code = 45 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = M;code = 77 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = -;code = 45 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = M;code = 77 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = M;code = 77 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 1;code = 49 char = 1;code = 49 char = 1;code = 49 char = );code = 41 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = -;code = 45 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = M;code = 77 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = M;code = 77 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = beta(2)-microglobulin amyloidosis (A beta(2)M) is a major determinant of morbidity in patients on dialysis treatment. Symptoms of A beta(2)M amyloid are mainly related to (peri-)articular amyloid deposition. Imaging techniques [i.e., joint ultrasonography, X-ray, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings], as well as conventional bone scans, are helpful in the screening of local lesions but are relatively nonspecific and/or not sensitive enough. Scintigraphic techniques using radiolabeled serum amyloid P component (SAP) or the radiolabeled A beta(2)M precursor protein, beta(2)M, generate more specific results. A beta(2)M deposits have been visualized in several long-term hemodialysis patients by using (123)I-labeled SAP. However, this scan did not show tracer accumulation in some frequently involved sites such as hips or shoulders, and frequently labeled the spleen, which is usually spared from A beta(2)M deposits. Improvements in technical sensitivity and specificity could be achieved by scanning with (131)I-labeled beta(2)M: this technique detected tracer accumulations corresponding to the typical distribution pattern of A beta(2)M. Further, both the radiation exposure and the optical resolution of this latter scan have been refined by substituting (111)In for (131)I. In a final step we generated recombinant human beta(2)M (rh beta(2)M). While (111)In rh beta(2)M again failed to show significant tracer accumulation over joint regions in patients on short-term hemodialysis without evidence of A beta(2)M, local tracer accumulations similar to those observed with natural, (111)In-labeled beta(2)M could be demonstrated in long-term hemodialysis patients with evidence of A beta(2)M. In conclusion, scintigraphy for A beta(2)M with (111)In-labeled rh beta(2)M provides a homogeneous and safe recombinant protein source and represents a suitable detection method of beta(2)M amyloid deposits in dialysis patients.
Publication: Semin Dial 2001 Mar-Apr ;14(2)::90-3.
Publication Date: 2001 Mar-Apr
Study Author(s): Ketteler, M;Koch, K M;Floege, J;
Institution: Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of Aachen Technical University, Aachen, Germany.
Shortcut link to this study:
beta(2)-microglobulin amyloidosis (A beta(2)M) is a major determinant of morbidity in patients on dialysis treatment. Symptoms of A beta(2)M amyloid are mainly related to (peri-)articular amyloid deposition. Imaging techniques [i.e., joint ultrasonography, X-ray, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings], as well as conventional bone scans, are helpful in the screening of local lesions but are relatively nonspecific and/or not sensitive enough. Scintigraphic techniques using radiolabeled serum amyloid P component (SAP) or the radiolabeled A beta(2)M precursor protein, beta(2)M, generate more specific results. A beta(2)M deposits have been visualized in several long-term hemodialysis patients by using (123)I-labeled SAP. However, this scan did not show tracer accumulation in some frequently involved sites such as hips or shoulders, and frequently labeled the spleen, which is usually spared from A beta(2)M deposits. Improvements in technical sensitivity and specificity could be achieved by scanning with (131)I-labeled beta(2)M: this technique detected tracer accumulations corresponding to the typical distribution pattern of A beta(2)M. Further, both the radiation exposure and the optical resolution of this latter scan have been refined by substituting (111)In for (131)I. In a final step we generated recombinant human beta(2)M (rh beta(2)M). While (111)In rh beta(2)M again failed to show significant tracer accumulation over joint regions in patients on short-term hemodialysis without evidence of A beta(2)M, local tracer accumulations similar to those observed with natural, (111)In-labeled beta(2)M could be demonstrated in long-term hemodialysis patients with evidence of A beta(2)M. In conclusion, scintigraphy for A beta(2)M with (111)In-labeled rh beta(2)M provides a homogeneous and safe recombinant protein source and represents a suitable detection method of beta(2)M amyloid deposits in dialysis patients.
PMID: 11264773