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result sql = Multifactorial aetiology of lung cancer among silica-exposed workers.
Multifactorial aetiology of lung cancer among silica-exposed workers.
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char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = -;code = 45
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = j;code = 106
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = m;code = 109
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char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = t;code = 116
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = ";code = 34
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
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char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = .;code = 46
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ,;code = 44
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
char = k;code = 107
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char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = q;code = 113
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = ";code = 34
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = (;code = 40
char = s;code = 115
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ";code = 34
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
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char = -;code = 45
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = c;code = 99
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char = ;code = 32
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char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
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char = u;code = 117
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char = l;code = 108
char = ,;code = 44
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char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
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char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
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char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = P;code = 80
char = A;code = 65
char = H;code = 72
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
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char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
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char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
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char = g;code = 103
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;;code = 59
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
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char = e;code = 101
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char = z;code = 122
char = y;code = 121
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
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char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
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char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
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char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
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char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
result sql = In 1997, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) upgraded its evaluation of crystalline silica to a Group 1 human carcinogen. Criticism against such decision is based on the lack of consistency in experimental results across animal species, violation of an important principle for causality, such as the replication of findings under different circumstances of exposure, and the lack of a clear dose-response curve. The most recent epidemiological literature on the silica-silicosis-lung cancer link replicates the inconsistent findings that have been characterising 50 years of scientific debate in the occupational arena. Exposure circumstances capable of modifying the silica-lung cancer association include chronic bronchitis, composition of the dust mixing, particularly concerning co-occurrence of other known or probable lung carcinogens, total respirable dust, concentration of silica in respirable dust, type of crystalline silica and particle surface characteristics. The hypothesis of a silicosis-mediated pathway points toward an unspecific mechanism shared with other fibrotic conditions, for which silica might be just one of the triggers. In envisaging a multivariate multistep model of lung cancer among silica-exposed workers, silica might be considered as a "passive components of the sufficient cause", i.e., one of the associated risk factors, concurrent or subsequent to the "active component(s) of the sufficient cause" (including, for instance, smoking, asbestos, radon-daughters, arsenic, hexavalent chromium, nickel, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and diesel exhausts among the external risk factors; and DNA repair enzymes polymorphism and spontaneous inactivation of tumour suppressor genes among the internal risk factors), which adds up in modulating the tumoral development in not easily predictable directions. If silica acts as a human lung carcinogen depending on certain occupational exposure circumstances, perhaps those circumstances and not silica itself should be classified for their human carcinogenicity potential.

Publication: Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. 2001 Sep ;30(5)::468-74.
Publication Date: 2001 Sep
Study Author(s): Cocco, P;
Institution: Department of Public Health, Occupational Health Section, University of Cagliari, via San Giorgio 12, 09124 Cagliari, Italy. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
In 1997, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) upgraded its evaluation of crystalline silica to a Group 1 human carcinogen. Criticism against such decision is based on the lack of consistency in experimental results across animal species, violation of an important principle for causality, such as the replication of findings under different circumstances of exposure, and the lack of a clear dose-response curve. The most recent epidemiological literature on the silica-silicosis-lung cancer link replicates the inconsistent findings that have been characterising 50 years of scientific debate in the occupational arena. Exposure circumstances capable of modifying the silica-lung cancer association include chronic bronchitis, composition of the dust mixing, particularly concerning co-occurrence of other known or probable lung carcinogens, total respirable dust, concentration of silica in respirable dust, type of crystalline silica and particle surface characteristics. The hypothesis of a silicosis-mediated pathway points toward an unspecific mechanism shared with other fibrotic conditions, for which silica might be just one of the triggers. In envisaging a multivariate multistep model of lung cancer among silica-exposed workers, silica might be considered as a "passive components of the sufficient cause", i.e., one of the associated risk factors, concurrent or subsequent to the "active component(s) of the sufficient cause" (including, for instance, smoking, asbestos, radon-daughters, arsenic, hexavalent chromium, nickel, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and diesel exhausts among the external risk factors; and DNA repair enzymes polymorphism and spontaneous inactivation of tumour suppressor genes among the internal risk factors), which adds up in modulating the tumoral development in not easily predictable directions. If silica acts as a human lung carcinogen depending on certain occupational exposure circumstances, perhaps those circumstances and not silica itself should be classified for their human carcinogenicity potential.
PMID: 11603127

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