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The effects of stress exposure on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, thymus, thyroid hormones and glucose levels.char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char 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T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = 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char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = M;code = 77 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = 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r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = d;code = 100 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = I;code = 73 char = M;code = 77 char = I;code = 73 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = k;code = 107 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = M;code = 77 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code 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char = A;code = 65 char = C;code = 67 char = T;code = 84 char = H;code = 72 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = t;code = 116 char = T;code = 84 char = 4;code = 52 char = );code = 41 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = 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d;code = 100 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = M;code = 77 char = I;code = 73 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = 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o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 4;code = 52 char = -;code = 45 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = H;code = 72 char = P;code = 80 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = M;code = 77 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 4;code = 52 char = -;code = 45 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = -;code = 45 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = M;code = 77 char = I;code = 73 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 4;code = 52 char = -;code = 45 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = In the present study, an attempt was made to compare three stress models and their effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the thymus, the thyroid hormones and the glucose levels. The three different stress models were the chronic mild stress (CMS), the 14-day and the 1-day cold swim stress model. The CMS procedure caused a decrease in thymus weight and rendered no changes on glucose, the adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) or the adrenals. Administration of imipramine (IMI) after the third week of CMS did not reverse the decrease in thymus weight. The 14-day cold swim stress doubled ACTH levels and the adrenal weight and reduced thymus weight, while total thyroxine (tT4), total triiodothyronine (tT3) and glucose levels were unaffected. IMI treatment restored the weights of the adrenal and thymus glands. One-day cold swim stress did not induce any statistically significant effect on the tested physiological parameters. The above findings indicate a distinct effect of the 14-day cold swim stress on HPA axis. Relative to CMS or the 14-day cold swim stress, no effect was induced by the 1-day cold swim stress. The IMI restoring effect, especially in the case of the 14-day cold swim stress, also suggests an association of antidepressant effect with the duration of drug treatment.
Publication: Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2002 Jun ;26(5)::823-30.
Publication Date: 2002 Jun
Study Author(s): Kioukia-Fougia, Nassia;Antoniou, Katerina;Bekris, Stathis;Liapi, Charis;Christofidis, Ion;Papadopoulou-Daifoti, Zeta;
Institution: Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, OACA S. Louis, 37 Kifissias Avenue, 151 23 Maroussi, Athens, Greece.
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In the present study, an attempt was made to compare three stress models and their effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the thymus, the thyroid hormones and the glucose levels. The three different stress models were the chronic mild stress (CMS), the 14-day and the 1-day cold swim stress model. The CMS procedure caused a decrease in thymus weight and rendered no changes on glucose, the adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) or the adrenals. Administration of imipramine (IMI) after the third week of CMS did not reverse the decrease in thymus weight. The 14-day cold swim stress doubled ACTH levels and the adrenal weight and reduced thymus weight, while total thyroxine (tT4), total triiodothyronine (tT3) and glucose levels were unaffected. IMI treatment restored the weights of the adrenal and thymus glands. One-day cold swim stress did not induce any statistically significant effect on the tested physiological parameters. The above findings indicate a distinct effect of the 14-day cold swim stress on HPA axis. Relative to CMS or the 14-day cold swim stress, no effect was induced by the 1-day cold swim stress. The IMI restoring effect, especially in the case of the 14-day cold swim stress, also suggests an association of antidepressant effect with the duration of drug treatment.
PMID: 12369253