char = D;code = 68
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Dietary fruit and vegetables protect against somatic mutation in vivo, but low or high intake of carotenoids does not.
Dietary fruit and vegetables protect against somatic mutation in vivo, but low or high intake of carotenoids does not.
char = E;code = 69
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = g;code = 103
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = z;code = 122
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = P;code = 80
char = R;code = 82
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = g;code = 103
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = -;code = 45
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 1;code = 49
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = 5;code = 53
char = 8;code = 56
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
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char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 5;code = 53
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
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char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
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char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
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char = s;code = 115
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char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = P;code = 80
char = R;code = 82
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
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char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
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char = m;code = 109
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char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = F;code = 70
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
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char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
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char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
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char = v;code = 118
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char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
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char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
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char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = i;code = 105
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char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
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char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
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char = n;code = 110
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char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
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char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
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result sql = Epidemiological studies have demonstrated protective effects of vegetables and fruit on risk of cancer, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Intervention studies have in some cases contradicted previous epidemiological evidence, e.g. for beta-carotene supplementation and lung cancer, emphasizing the need for mechanistic data. We assessed in vivo mutagenic effects of several dietary items using the HPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase) gene assay with T-lymphocytes from 312 individuals (158 lung cancer cases, 154 population controls), who provided information on diet and smoking habits HPRT : mutant frequency (MF) was significantly decreased in relation to intake of vegetables, citrus fruits and berries, respectively, as well as calculated vitamin C intake from diet. There was a significant U-shaped association with dietary carotenoid intake, with lowest MF near population average carotenoid intakes and higher mutation frequencies both at low and high intakes, and a similar borderline significant association was observed for beta-carotene. Our study is consistent with known diet-cancer associations and provides novel human in vivo mechanistic support for a cancer-protective effect of vegetables and fruit by modulation of somatic mutagenesis. Our results also provide support for the increase in lung cancer risk observed particularly in smokers in studies of beta-carotene supplementation.

Publication: Carcinogenesis 2003 Apr ;24(4)::689-96.
Publication Date: 2003 Apr
Study Author(s): Nyberg, Fredrik;Hou, Sai-Mei;Pershagen, Göran;Lambert, Bo;
Institution: Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated protective effects of vegetables and fruit on risk of cancer, but underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Intervention studies have in some cases contradicted previous epidemiological evidence, e.g. for beta-carotene supplementation and lung cancer, emphasizing the need for mechanistic data. We assessed in vivo mutagenic effects of several dietary items using the HPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase) gene assay with T-lymphocytes from 312 individuals (158 lung cancer cases, 154 population controls), who provided information on diet and smoking habits HPRT : mutant frequency (MF) was significantly decreased in relation to intake of vegetables, citrus fruits and berries, respectively, as well as calculated vitamin C intake from diet. There was a significant U-shaped association with dietary carotenoid intake, with lowest MF near population average carotenoid intakes and higher mutation frequencies both at low and high intakes, and a similar borderline significant association was observed for beta-carotene. Our study is consistent with known diet-cancer associations and provides novel human in vivo mechanistic support for a cancer-protective effect of vegetables and fruit by modulation of somatic mutagenesis. Our results also provide support for the increase in lung cancer risk observed particularly in smokers in studies of beta-carotene supplementation.
PMID: 12727797

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