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result sql = Cost-effectiveness of removing amalgam from dental wastewater.
Cost-effectiveness of removing amalgam from dental wastewater.
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char = a;code = 97
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char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
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char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
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char = x;code = 120
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
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char = n;code = 110
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char = n;code = 110
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char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
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char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = O;code = 79
char = T;code = 84
char = W;code = 87
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = O;code = 79
char = T;code = 84
char = W;code = 87
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 6;code = 54
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = -;code = 45
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 3;code = 51
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 8;code = 56
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
result sql = Mercury in the form of amalgam is commonly introduced into dental wastewater as a result of amalgam placements and removals. Dental wastewater is primarily discharged to municipal sewers that convey industrial and residential wastewater to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) for treatment prior to discharge to surface waters. In some localities, the sewage sludge generated by POTWs from the treatment of wastewater is incinerated, resulting in the emission of mercury to the atmosphere. Some of the mercury emitted from the incinerators is deposited locally or regionally and will enter surface waters. An assessment was conducted of the use of mercury in amalgam in California and the discharge of that mercury from dental facilities to surface waters via the effluent from POTWs and air emissions from sewage sludge incinerators (SSIs). The annual use of mercury in amalgam placements conducted in California was estimated to be approximately 2.5 tons. The annual discharge of mercury in the form of amalgam from dental facilities to POTWs as a result of amalgam placements and removals was estimated as approximately one ton. The discharge of mercury to surface waters in California via POTW effluents and SSI emissions was estimated to total approximately 163 pounds. A cost-effectiveness analysis determined that the annual cost to the California dental industry to reduce mercury discharges to surface waters through the use of amalgam separators would range from 130,000 dollars to 280,000 dollars per pound.

Publication: J Calif Dent Assoc 2004 Jul ;32(7)::564-73.
Publication Date: 2004 Jul
Study Author(s): Vandeven, Jay A;McGinnis, Steve L;
Institution: ENVIRON International Corporation, Arlington, VA 22203, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
Mercury in the form of amalgam is commonly introduced into dental wastewater as a result of amalgam placements and removals. Dental wastewater is primarily discharged to municipal sewers that convey industrial and residential wastewater to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) for treatment prior to discharge to surface waters. In some localities, the sewage sludge generated by POTWs from the treatment of wastewater is incinerated, resulting in the emission of mercury to the atmosphere. Some of the mercury emitted from the incinerators is deposited locally or regionally and will enter surface waters. An assessment was conducted of the use of mercury in amalgam in California and the discharge of that mercury from dental facilities to surface waters via the effluent from POTWs and air emissions from sewage sludge incinerators (SSIs). The annual use of mercury in amalgam placements conducted in California was estimated to be approximately 2.5 tons. The annual discharge of mercury in the form of amalgam from dental facilities to POTWs as a result of amalgam placements and removals was estimated as approximately one ton. The discharge of mercury to surface waters in California via POTW effluents and SSI emissions was estimated to total approximately 163 pounds. A cost-effectiveness analysis determined that the annual cost to the California dental industry to reduce mercury discharges to surface waters through the use of amalgam separators would range from 130,000 dollars to 280,000 dollars per pound.
PMID: 15468537

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