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char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Protective effect of ferulic acid on nicotine-induced DNA damage and cellular changes in cultured rat peripheral blood lymphocytes: a comparison with N-acetylcysteine.
Protective effect of ferulic acid on nicotine-induced DNA damage and cellular changes in cultured rat peripheral blood lymphocytes: a comparison with N-acetylcysteine.
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
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char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = T;code = 84
char = B;code = 66
char = A;code = 65
char = R;code = 82
char = S;code = 83
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
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char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
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char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
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char = G;code = 71
char = S;code = 83
char = H;code = 72
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
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char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = M;code = 77
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = M;code = 77
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = x;code = 120
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = M;code = 77
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = A;code = 65
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char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
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char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = 3;code = 51
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = M;code = 77
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 2;code = 50
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
char = ,;code = 44
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char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = M;code = 77
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
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char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
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char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
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char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
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char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
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char = M;code = 77
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char = F;code = 70
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = m;code = 109
char = M;code = 77
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = C;code = 67
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = o;code = 111
char = ,;code = 44
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
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char = M;code = 77
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char = F;code = 70
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = g;code = 103
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char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
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char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
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char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = T;code = 84
char = B;code = 66
char = A;code = 65
char = R;code = 82
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
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char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = (;code = 40
char = H;code = 72
char = P;code = 80
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char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = b;code = 98
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = ,;code = 44
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char = w;code = 119
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char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
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result sql = Nicotine is the major pharmacologically active substance in cigarette smoke and plays an important etiological role in the development of lung cancer. Incidence of cancer may be related to oxidative damage to host genome by nicotine. These oxidative actions may be modified by the phytochemicals present in food. The present study describes the protective effect of ferulic acid (FA), a naturally occurring nutritional compound on nicotine-induced DNA damage and cellular changes in cultured rat peripheral blood lymphocytes in comparison with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a well-known antioxidant. One-hour exposure of lymphocytes to nicotine at the doses of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mM induced a statistically significant dose-dependent increase in the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), a lipid peroxidative marker and decrease in the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), an important endogenous antioxidant. The lowest concentration eliciting significant damage was 1 mM nicotine and maximum damage was observed with 3 mM concentration. Hence, the test concentration was fixed at 3 mM nicotine. We have used 5 different doses of FA (10, 50, 100, 150 and 300 microM) and NAC (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mM) to test their protective effects. In all the groups, FA and NAC showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect. Maximum protection was observed at the dose of 150 microM FA and 1mM NAC. So, 150 microM FA and 1mM NAC were used for further studies. There was a significant increase in the levels of lipid peroxidative index (TBARS and hydroperoxides (HP)), severity of DNA damage (evaluated by comet assay) in nicotine-treated group, which were significantly decreased in FA and NAC-treated groups. Nicotine treatment significantly decreased the endogenous antioxidant status viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), GSH, vitamin A, E and C. Co-administration of FA and NAC to nicotine-treated lymphocytes showed a significant increase in the antioxidant status. The protective effect of FA was merely equal to that of NAC effect. FA and NAC treatment alone did not produce any toxicity to the normal lymphocytes at their effective doses. On the whole, there is overwhelming evidence that FA has the ability to modulate DNA damage and a variety of cellular changes that occur during nicotine-induced toxicity in rat peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Publication: Toxicol In Vitro 2007 Jun ;21(4)::576-85.
Publication Date: 2007 Jun
Study Author(s): Sudheer, Adluri Ram;Muthukumaran, Shanmugavelu;Kalpana, Chandran;Srinivasan, Marimuthu;Menon, Venugopal Padmanabhan;
Institution: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Center for Micronutrient Research, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
Shortcut link to this study:
Nicotine is the major pharmacologically active substance in cigarette smoke and plays an important etiological role in the development of lung cancer. Incidence of cancer may be related to oxidative damage to host genome by nicotine. These oxidative actions may be modified by the phytochemicals present in food. The present study describes the protective effect of ferulic acid (FA), a naturally occurring nutritional compound on nicotine-induced DNA damage and cellular changes in cultured rat peripheral blood lymphocytes in comparison with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a well-known antioxidant. One-hour exposure of lymphocytes to nicotine at the doses of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mM induced a statistically significant dose-dependent increase in the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), a lipid peroxidative marker and decrease in the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), an important endogenous antioxidant. The lowest concentration eliciting significant damage was 1 mM nicotine and maximum damage was observed with 3 mM concentration. Hence, the test concentration was fixed at 3 mM nicotine. We have used 5 different doses of FA (10, 50, 100, 150 and 300 microM) and NAC (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mM) to test their protective effects. In all the groups, FA and NAC showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect. Maximum protection was observed at the dose of 150 microM FA and 1mM NAC. So, 150 microM FA and 1mM NAC were used for further studies. There was a significant increase in the levels of lipid peroxidative index (TBARS and hydroperoxides (HP)), severity of DNA damage (evaluated by comet assay) in nicotine-treated group, which were significantly decreased in FA and NAC-treated groups. Nicotine treatment significantly decreased the endogenous antioxidant status viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), GSH, vitamin A, E and C. Co-administration of FA and NAC to nicotine-treated lymphocytes showed a significant increase in the antioxidant status. The protective effect of FA was merely equal to that of NAC effect. FA and NAC treatment alone did not produce any toxicity to the normal lymphocytes at their effective doses. On the whole, there is overwhelming evidence that FA has the ability to modulate DNA damage and a variety of cellular changes that occur during nicotine-induced toxicity in rat peripheral blood lymphocytes.
PMID: 17222527

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