char = R;code = 82
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = d;code = 100
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char = f;code = 102
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char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
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char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Restraint and cancellation: multiple inhibition deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Restraint and cancellation: multiple inhibition deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
char = W;code = 87
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = k;code = 107
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
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char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
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char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
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char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
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char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
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char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = (;code = 40
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = );code = 41
char = -;code = 45
char = i;code = 105
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char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
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char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
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char = d;code = 100
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char = i;code = 105
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char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
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char = y;code = 121
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = d;code = 100
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char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = A;code = 65
char = D;code = 68
char = H;code = 72
char = D;code = 68
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = D;code = 68
char = H;code = 72
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = y;code = 121
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
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char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
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char = s;code = 115
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
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char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = w;code = 119
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char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = D;code = 68
char = H;code = 72
char = D;code = 68
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
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char = s;code = 115
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char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
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char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = k;code = 107
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
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char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
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char = y;code = 121
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char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
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char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
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char = q;code = 113
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char = i;code = 105
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char = d;code = 100
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char = a;code = 97
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char = g;code = 103
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char = g;code = 103
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
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char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
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char = A;code = 65
char = D;code = 68
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
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char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
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char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
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char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
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char = D;code = 68
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char = o;code = 111
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char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = k;code = 107
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
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char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
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char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
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char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
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char = b;code = 98
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
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char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
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char = d;code = 100
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char = ;code = 32
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
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char = s;code = 115
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char = H;code = 72
char = D;code = 68
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char = p;code = 112
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char = c;code = 99
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
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char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = D;code = 68
char = H;code = 72
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = D;code = 68
char = H;code = 72
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
result sql = We used variations of the stop signal task to study two components of motor response inhibition-the ability to withhold a strong response tendency (restraint) and the ability to cancel an ongoing action (cancellation)-in children with a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and in non-ADHD controls of similar age (ages 7-14 years). The goal was to determine if restraint and cancellation were related and if both were deficient in ADHD. The stop signal task involved a choice reaction time task (go task) which required a rapid response. The demand for inhibitory control was invoked through the presentation of a stop signal on a subset of go trials which required that the ongoing response be suspended. The stop signal was presented either concurrently with the go signal (restraint version) or after a variable delay (cancellation version). In Study 1, we compared ADHD and control children on the cancellation version of the stop task; in Study 2, we compared ADHD and controls on the restraint version. In Study 3, a subset of ADHD and control participants completed both tasks so that we could examine convergence of these dimensions of inhibition. Compared to control participants, ADHD participants showed a deficit both in the ability to cancel and to restrain a speeded motor response. Performance on the restraint version was significantly correlated with performance on the cancellation version in controls, but not in ADHD participants. We conclude that ADHD is associated with deficits in both restraint and cancellation subcomponents of inhibition.

Publication: J Abnorm Child Psychol 2007 Apr ;35(2)::229-38.
Publication Date: 2007 Apr
Study Author(s): Schachar, Russell;Logan, Gordon D;Robaey, Philippe;Chen, Shirley;Ickowicz, Abel;Barr, Cathy;
Institution: Psychiatry Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Brain and Behavior Programme, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
We used variations of the stop signal task to study two components of motor response inhibition-the ability to withhold a strong response tendency (restraint) and the ability to cancel an ongoing action (cancellation)-in children with a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and in non-ADHD controls of similar age (ages 7-14 years). The goal was to determine if restraint and cancellation were related and if both were deficient in ADHD. The stop signal task involved a choice reaction time task (go task) which required a rapid response. The demand for inhibitory control was invoked through the presentation of a stop signal on a subset of go trials which required that the ongoing response be suspended. The stop signal was presented either concurrently with the go signal (restraint version) or after a variable delay (cancellation version). In Study 1, we compared ADHD and control children on the cancellation version of the stop task; in Study 2, we compared ADHD and controls on the restraint version. In Study 3, a subset of ADHD and control participants completed both tasks so that we could examine convergence of these dimensions of inhibition. Compared to control participants, ADHD participants showed a deficit both in the ability to cancel and to restrain a speeded motor response. Performance on the restraint version was significantly correlated with performance on the cancellation version in controls, but not in ADHD participants. We conclude that ADHD is associated with deficits in both restraint and cancellation subcomponents of inhibition.
PMID: 17351752

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