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char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
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char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
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char = m;code = 109
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char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
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char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
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char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = ,;code = 44
char = 4;code = 52
char = -;code = 45
char = D;code = 68
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Cytogenetic effects of short- and long-term exposure of chick embryos to the phenoxyherbicide 2,4-D.
Cytogenetic effects of short- and long-term exposure of chick embryos to the phenoxyherbicide 2,4-D.
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = o;code = 111
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = ,;code = 44
char = 4;code = 52
char = -;code = 45
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
result sql = Before incubation, chick embryos were treated with the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) by injecting onto the inner shell membrane solutions of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg 2,4-D. A commercial formulation containing 37% 2,4-D iso-octyl ester as active ingredient and pure 2,4-D were tested. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and cell cycle kinetics were examined at days 4, 7, and 10 from 22 to 30 embryos per group. After 4 days of exposure to commercial 2,4-D, a small (P < 0.05) dose-related increase of SCE was seen for the 4-mg group. An enhanced SCE response upon long-term exposure to 2,4-D was apparent. After 10 days of exposure, SCE frequencies for the 2- and 4-mg commercial 2,4-D, and 4-mg pure 2,4-D groups were significantly higher than for the controls. A significant slowing of cell cycle at concentrations at and above 1 mg was seen. Also observed was a slight, not statistically significant proliferative effect at the lowest dose of 0.5 mg/embryo. Consistent with the results from other test systems, the present findings indicate that 2,4-D has a low to moderate genotoxic activity.

Publication: Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2007 Jul ;48(6)::462-6.
Publication Date: 2007 Jul
Study Author(s): Arias, Elio;
Institution: Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degki Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Before incubation, chick embryos were treated with the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) by injecting onto the inner shell membrane solutions of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg 2,4-D. A commercial formulation containing 37% 2,4-D iso-octyl ester as active ingredient and pure 2,4-D were tested. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and cell cycle kinetics were examined at days 4, 7, and 10 from 22 to 30 embryos per group. After 4 days of exposure to commercial 2,4-D, a small (P < 0.05) dose-related increase of SCE was seen for the 4-mg group. An enhanced SCE response upon long-term exposure to 2,4-D was apparent. After 10 days of exposure, SCE frequencies for the 2- and 4-mg commercial 2,4-D, and 4-mg pure 2,4-D groups were significantly higher than for the controls. A significant slowing of cell cycle at concentrations at and above 1 mg was seen. Also observed was a slight, not statistically significant proliferative effect at the lowest dose of 0.5 mg/embryo. Consistent with the results from other test systems, the present findings indicate that 2,4-D has a low to moderate genotoxic activity.
PMID: 17372986

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