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result sql = Cholesterol oxides as biomarkers of oxidative stress in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Cholesterol oxides as biomarkers of oxidative stress in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = 5;code = 53
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
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char = y;code = 121
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char = 5;code = 53
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = 3;code = 51
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = 5;code = 53
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = p;code = 112
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char = a;code = 97
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char = 6;code = 54
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = ,;code = 44
char = 6;code = 54
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
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char = 5;code = 53
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = 3;code = 51
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
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char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = 5;code = 53
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = ,;code = 44
char = 6;code = 54
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char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = -;code = 45
char = 5;code = 53
char = -;code = 45
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = -;code = 45
char = 3;code = 51
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = ,;code = 44
char = 2;code = 50
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = 5;code = 53
char = -;code = 45
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 5;code = 53
char = -;code = 45
char = O;code = 79
char = H;code = 72
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
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char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
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char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = z;code = 122
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = R;code = 82
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = U;code = 85
char = L;code = 76
char = T;code = 84
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = h;code = 104
char = O;code = 79
char = x;code = 120
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = D;code = 68
char = M;code = 77
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = D;code = 68
char = M;code = 77
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char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
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char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
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char = c;code = 99
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char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
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char = d;code = 100
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char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = s;code = 115
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char = b;code = 98
char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = p;code = 112
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char = <;code = 60
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 0;code = 48
char = 5;code = 53
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
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char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = l;code = 108
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = M;code = 77
char = 2;code = 50
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char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
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char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = m;code = 109
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char = b;code = 98
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char = c;code = 99
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = C;code = 67
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = G;code = 71
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
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char = (;code = 40
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char = <;code = 60
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char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 0;code = 48
char = 5;code = 53
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char = .;code = 46
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char = T;code = 84
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = m;code = 109
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char = n;code = 110
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char = y;code = 121
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char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
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char = w;code = 119
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char = h;code = 104
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char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
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char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
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char = i;code = 105
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
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char = u;code = 117
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char = i;code = 105
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char = s;code = 115
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char = d;code = 100
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = f;code = 102
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char = t;code = 116
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char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
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char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
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char = w;code = 119
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
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char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
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char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
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char = t;code = 116
char = m;code = 109
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char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
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char = ;code = 32
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char = ;code = 32
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char = p;code = 112
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char = ;code = 32
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char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
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char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
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result sql = BACKGROUND : Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the formation of cholesterol oxides (ChOx) as biomarkers of oxidative stress in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes.

METHODS : Blood plasma levels of cholesterol oxidation products were determined in the following groups: type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), type 2 diabetes (DM2), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), children without diabetes (C1) and adults without diabetes (C2). The serum levels of cholest-5-ene-3alpha,7alpha-diol (7alpha-hydroxycholesterol, 7alpha-OH), cholest-5-ene-3beta,7beta-diol (7beta-hydroxycholesterol, 7beta-OH), 3beta-hydroxycholest-5-7-one (7-ketocholesterol, 7-K), 5alpha-cholestane-3beta,5,6beta-triol (cholestanetriol), 5,6alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholestan-3alpha-ol (cholesterol-5alpha,6alpha-epoxide,), 5,6beta-epoxy-5beta-cholestan-3beta-ol (cholesterol-5beta,6beta-epoxide) and cholest-5-eno-3beta,25-diol (25-hydroxycholesterol, 25-OH) (trivial name and abbreviations indicated in parentheses) were quantified by gas chromatography using flame ionization detection.

RESULTS : The levels of total ChOx were elevated in the DM1 and DM2 groups compared to age-matched subjects without diabetes (p < 0.05). The concentrations of 7beta-hydroxycholesterol, cholesterol-alpha-epoxide and cholesterol-beta-epoxide were higher in the blood plasma of subjects in the DM2 group than in the blood plasma of subjects in the C2 and IGT groups (p < 0.05). Treatment of type 2 diabetic patients with oral hypoglycemic drugs associated with insulin resulted in lower concentrations of nitrotyrosine in the blood plasma without significant changes in the concentrations of glucose and glycated hemoglobin. Moreover, combination with statins in both treatments decreased the concentrations of ChOx.

CONCLUSIONS : ChOx are suitable biomarkers of oxidative stress and may be useful in clinical studies to follow drug effects on lipid oxidative modifications in diabetic patients.

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