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result sql = The role of protein binding in induction of apoptosis by phenethyl isothiocyanate and sulforaphane in human non-small lung cancer cells.
The role of protein binding in induction of apoptosis by phenethyl isothiocyanate and sulforaphane in human non-small lung cancer cells.
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = E;code = 69
char = I;code = 73
char = T;code = 84
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = -;code = 45
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = F;code = 70
char = N;code = 78
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = E;code = 69
char = I;code = 73
char = T;code = 84
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = F;code = 70
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = E;code = 69
char = I;code = 73
char = T;code = 84
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = 6;code = 54
char = -;code = 45
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = F;code = 70
char = N;code = 78
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = z;code = 122
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = T;code = 84
char = C;code = 67
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = B;code = 66
char = S;code = 83
char = A;code = 65
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = E;code = 69
char = I;code = 73
char = T;code = 84
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = S;code = 83
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = F;code = 70
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = E;code = 69
char = I;code = 73
char = T;code = 84
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = F;code = 70
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 8;code = 56
char = -;code = 45
char = o;code = 111
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char = o;code = 111
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = o;code = 111
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char = y;code = 121
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char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = F;code = 70
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = E;code = 69
char = I;code = 73
char = T;code = 84
char = C;code = 67
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = E;code = 69
char = I;code = 73
char = T;code = 84
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = F;code = 70
char = N;code = 78
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
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char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
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char = d;code = 100
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char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
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char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
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char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = T;code = 84
char = C;code = 67
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result sql = Induction of apoptosis underlies a mechanism for inhibiting tumorigenesis by phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and sulforaphane (SFN). However, the upstream events by which isothiocyanates (ITC) induce apoptosis have not been fully investigated. As electrophiles, ITCs could trigger apoptosis by binding to DNA or proteins or by inducing oxidative stress. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis by ITCs, we examined, as a first step, the role of these events in human non-small lung cancer A549 cells PEITC : was a more potent inducer than SFN; it induced apoptosis at 20 micromol/L, whereas SFN induced at 40 micromol/L but not at 20 micromol/L. To study binding with cellular proteins and DNA, cells were treated with (14)C-ITCs; the initial protein binding by PEITC was almost 3-fold than that of SFN. The binding by PEITC increased with time, whereas binding by SFN remained low. Therefore, 4 h after incubation proteins became the predominant targets for PEITC with a 6-fold binding than that of SFN. To characterize the chemical nature of binding by the ITCs, we used bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a surrogate protein PEITC : also modified BSA covalently to a greater extent than SFN occurring exclusively at cysteine residues. Surprisingly, neither PEITC nor SFN bound to DNA or RNA at detectable levels or caused significant DNA strand breakage. The levels of oxidative damage in cells, measured as reactive oxygen species, 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine, and protein carbonyls formation, were greater in cells treated with SFN than PEITC. Because PEITC is a stronger inducer of apoptosis than SFN, these results indicate that direct covalent binding to cellular proteins is an important early event in the induction of apoptosis by the ITCs.

Publication: Cancer Res. 2007 Jul 1 ;67(13)::6409-16.
Publication Date: 2007 Jul 1
Study Author(s): Mi, Lixin;Wang, Xiantao;Govind, Sudha;Hood, Brian L;Veenstra, Timothy D;Conrads, Thomas P;Saha, Daniel T;Goldman, Radoslav;Chung, Fung-Lung;
Institution: Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
Induction of apoptosis underlies a mechanism for inhibiting tumorigenesis by phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and sulforaphane (SFN). However, the upstream events by which isothiocyanates (ITC) induce apoptosis have not been fully investigated. As electrophiles, ITCs could trigger apoptosis by binding to DNA or proteins or by inducing oxidative stress. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis by ITCs, we examined, as a first step, the role of these events in human non-small lung cancer A549 cells PEITC : was a more potent inducer than SFN; it induced apoptosis at 20 micromol/L, whereas SFN induced at 40 micromol/L but not at 20 micromol/L. To study binding with cellular proteins and DNA, cells were treated with (14)C-ITCs; the initial protein binding by PEITC was almost 3-fold than that of SFN. The binding by PEITC increased with time, whereas binding by SFN remained low. Therefore, 4 h after incubation proteins became the predominant targets for PEITC with a 6-fold binding than that of SFN. To characterize the chemical nature of binding by the ITCs, we used bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a surrogate protein PEITC : also modified BSA covalently to a greater extent than SFN occurring exclusively at cysteine residues. Surprisingly, neither PEITC nor SFN bound to DNA or RNA at detectable levels or caused significant DNA strand breakage. The levels of oxidative damage in cells, measured as reactive oxygen species, 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine, and protein carbonyls formation, were greater in cells treated with SFN than PEITC. Because PEITC is a stronger inducer of apoptosis than SFN, these results indicate that direct covalent binding to cellular proteins is an important early event in the induction of apoptosis by the ITCs.
PMID: 17616701

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