char = C;code = 67 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = -;code = 45 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = x;code = 120 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = y;code = 121 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Cross-induction of detoxification genes by environmental xenobiotics and insecticides in the mosquito Aedes aegypti: impact on larval tolerance to chemical insecticides.
Cross-induction of detoxification genes by environmental xenobiotics and insecticides in the mosquito Aedes aegypti: impact on larval tolerance to chemical insecticides.char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = y;code = 121 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = -;code = 45 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = y;code = 121 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = z;code = 122 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = z;code = 122 char = y;code = 121 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = z;code = 122 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = 4;code = 52 char = 5;code = 53 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = y;code = 121 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = -;code = 45 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = x;code = 120 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = D;code = 68 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = x;code = 120 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = F;code = 70 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = -;code = 45 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = C;code = 67 char = R;code = 82 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = Y;code = 89 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = x;code = 120 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = O;code = 79 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = x;code = 120 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = -;code = 45 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = The effect of exposure of Aedes aegypti larvae to sub-lethal doses of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin, the organophosphate temephos, the herbicide atrazine, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fluoranthene and the heavy metal copper on their subsequent tolerance to insecticides, detoxification enzyme activities and expression of detoxification genes was investigated. Bioassays revealed a moderate increase in larval tolerance to permethrin following exposure to fluoranthene and copper while larval tolerance to temephos increased moderately after exposure to atrazine, copper and permethrin. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases activities were induced in larvae exposed to permethrin, fluoranthene and copper while glutathione S-transferase activities were induced after exposure to fluoranthene and repressed after exposure to copper. Microarray screening of the expression patterns of all detoxification genes following exposure to each xenobiotic with the Aedes Detox Chip identified multiple genes induced by xenobiotics and insecticides. Further expression studies using real-time quantitative PCR confirmed the induction of multiple CYP genes and one carboxylesterase gene by insecticides and xenobiotics. Overall, this study reveals the potential of xenobiotics found in polluted mosquito breeding sites to affect their tolerance to insecticides, possibly through the cross-induction of particular detoxification genes. Molecular mechanisms involved and impact on mosquito control strategies are discussed.
Publication: Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2008 May ;38(5)::540-51. :doi: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.01.004.
Publication Date: 2008 May
Study Author(s): Poupardin, Rodolphe;Reynaud, Stéphane;Strode, Clare;Ranson, Hilary;Vontas, John;David, Jean-Philippe;
Institution: Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS-Université Joseph Fourier 5553, Equipe Perturbations Environnementales et Xénobiotiques, Domaine Universitaire de Saint-Martin d'Hères. 2233, rue de la piscine Bât D Biologie, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
Shortcut link to this study:
The effect of exposure of Aedes aegypti larvae to sub-lethal doses of the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin, the organophosphate temephos, the herbicide atrazine, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fluoranthene and the heavy metal copper on their subsequent tolerance to insecticides, detoxification enzyme activities and expression of detoxification genes was investigated. Bioassays revealed a moderate increase in larval tolerance to permethrin following exposure to fluoranthene and copper while larval tolerance to temephos increased moderately after exposure to atrazine, copper and permethrin. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases activities were induced in larvae exposed to permethrin, fluoranthene and copper while glutathione S-transferase activities were induced after exposure to fluoranthene and repressed after exposure to copper. Microarray screening of the expression patterns of all detoxification genes following exposure to each xenobiotic with the Aedes Detox Chip identified multiple genes induced by xenobiotics and insecticides. Further expression studies using real-time quantitative PCR confirmed the induction of multiple CYP genes and one carboxylesterase gene by insecticides and xenobiotics. Overall, this study reveals the potential of xenobiotics found in polluted mosquito breeding sites to affect their tolerance to insecticides, possibly through the cross-induction of particular detoxification genes. Molecular mechanisms involved and impact on mosquito control strategies are discussed.
PMID: 18405832