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result sql = Spatial analysis of soil salinity and soil structural stability in a semiarid region of New South Wales, Australia.
Spatial analysis of soil salinity and soil structural stability in a semiarid region of New South Wales, Australia.
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char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
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char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = P;code = 80
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
char = I;code = 73
char = S;code = 83
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = -;code = 45
char = -;code = 45
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = k;code = 107
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = -;code = 45
char = k;code = 107
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = -;code = 45
char = -;code = 45
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = P;code = 80
char = >;code = 62
char = 5;code = 53
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = i;code = 105
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = o;code = 111
char = -;code = 45
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
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char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
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char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
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char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
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char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = P;code = 80
char = >;code = 62
char = 5;code = 53
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
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char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
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char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
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char = i;code = 105
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char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = k;code = 107
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
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char = g;code = 103
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = S;code = 83
char = W;code = 87
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = I;code = 73
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
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char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = P;code = 80
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char = i;code = 105
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char = o;code = 111
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char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = r;code = 114
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char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = (;code = 40
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = =;code = 61
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = P;code = 80
char = /;code = 47
char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
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char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
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char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
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char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
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char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
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char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
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char = r;code = 114
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char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
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char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
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char = l;code = 108
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char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
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char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
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char = d;code = 100
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char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = z;code = 122
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
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char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
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char = q;code = 113
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char = a;code = 97
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char = m;code = 109
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char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
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char = ;code = 32
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char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = q;code = 113
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char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
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char = r;code = 114
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char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = y;code = 121
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char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
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char = r;code = 114
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = /;code = 47
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
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char = t;code = 116
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
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char = .;code = 46
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char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
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result sql = Salt-affected soils are a major threat to agriculture especially in the semiarid regions of the world. The effective management of these soils requires adequate understanding of not only how water and, hence, solutes are transported within the soil, but also how soil salinity and sodicity spatially interact to determine soil structural breakdown. For sustainable agricultural production, information on quantitative soil quality, such as salinity, is required for effective land management and environmental planning. In this study, quantitative methods for mapping indicators of soil structural stability, namely salinity and sodicity, were developed to assess the effect of these primary indicators on soil structural breakdown. The current levels of soil salinity, as measured by electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil/water suspension, soil sodicity, represented by exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and aggregate stability, were assessed. Remote sensing, geographical information system (GIS), and geostatistical techniques--primarily regression-kriging and indicator-kriging--were used to spatially predict the soil sodicity and salinity. The patterns of salinity (EC) and sodicity (ESP>5%) were identified. The effect of land use on these soil quality indicators was found to be minimal. Co-spatial patterns were elucidated between sodic soils (defined by ESP>5%) and highly probable mechanically dispersive soils predicted from indicator-kriging of ASWAT scores. It was established that the incorporation of EC with ESP into an objective index, called electrolyte stability index (ESI=ESP/EC), gave a good indication of soil dispersion, although the threshold ESI value below which effective structural breakdown might occur is 0.025, which is twice as small as the expected 0.05. The discrepancies between ESI and ASWAT scores suggest that other soil factors than salinity and sodicity are affecting soil structural breakdown. This calls for further investigation. The study provides valuable information in the form of risk zones of soil structural breakdown for land management. These zones, with a probability of mechanical soil dispersion of >0.70, require immediate management attention with greater monitoring and amelioration techniques, particularly gypsum or lime application and/or altered cultivation techniques.

Publication: Environ Manage 2008 Aug ;42(2)::265-78. :doi: 10.1007/s00267-008-9100-z.
Publication Date: 2008 Aug
Study Author(s): Odeh, Inakwu O A;Onus, Alex;
Institution: Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, The University of Sydney, A05 McMillan Bld., Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Salt-affected soils are a major threat to agriculture especially in the semiarid regions of the world. The effective management of these soils requires adequate understanding of not only how water and, hence, solutes are transported within the soil, but also how soil salinity and sodicity spatially interact to determine soil structural breakdown. For sustainable agricultural production, information on quantitative soil quality, such as salinity, is required for effective land management and environmental planning. In this study, quantitative methods for mapping indicators of soil structural stability, namely salinity and sodicity, were developed to assess the effect of these primary indicators on soil structural breakdown. The current levels of soil salinity, as measured by electrical conductivity (EC) of the soil/water suspension, soil sodicity, represented by exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and aggregate stability, were assessed. Remote sensing, geographical information system (GIS), and geostatistical techniques--primarily regression-kriging and indicator-kriging--were used to spatially predict the soil sodicity and salinity. The patterns of salinity (EC) and sodicity (ESP>5%) were identified. The effect of land use on these soil quality indicators was found to be minimal. Co-spatial patterns were elucidated between sodic soils (defined by ESP>5%) and highly probable mechanically dispersive soils predicted from indicator-kriging of ASWAT scores. It was established that the incorporation of EC with ESP into an objective index, called electrolyte stability index (ESI=ESP/EC), gave a good indication of soil dispersion, although the threshold ESI value below which effective structural breakdown might occur is 0.025, which is twice as small as the expected 0.05. The discrepancies between ESI and ASWAT scores suggest that other soil factors than salinity and sodicity are affecting soil structural breakdown. This calls for further investigation. The study provides valuable information in the form of risk zones of soil structural breakdown for land management. These zones, with a probability of mechanical soil dispersion of >0.70, require immediate management attention with greater monitoring and amelioration techniques, particularly gypsum or lime application and/or altered cultivation techniques.
PMID: 18414941

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