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result sql = The interplay of prolactin and the glucocorticoids in the regulation of beta-cell gene expression, fatty acid oxidation, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion: implications for carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy.

The interplay of prolactin and the glucocorticoids in the regulation of beta-cell gene expression, fatty acid oxidation, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion: implications for carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy.

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char = D;code = 68
char = E;code = 69
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char = p;code = 112
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char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = O;code = 79
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char = P;code = 80
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char = C;code = 67
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char = a;code = 97
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char = P;code = 80
char = P;code = 80
char = A;code = 65
char = R;code = 82
char = a;code = 97
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char = p;code = 112
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char = a;code = 97
char = ,;code = 44
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char = C;code = 67
char = P;code = 80
char = T;code = 84
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char = 1;code = 49
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char = a;code = 97
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char = u;code = 117
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char = c;code = 99
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char = i;code = 105
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char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = U;code = 85
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char = P;code = 80
char = -;code = 45
char = 2;code = 50
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char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
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char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
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char = n;code = 110
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
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char = d;code = 100
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
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char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = S;code = 83
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = y;code = 121
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char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
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char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
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char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = E;code = 69
char = X;code = 88
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
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char = w;code = 119
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = R;code = 82
char = L;code = 76
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
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char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
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char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = R;code = 82
char = L;code = 76
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
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char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
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char = x;code = 120
char = O;code = 79
char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
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char = P;code = 80
char = P;code = 80
char = A;code = 65
char = R;code = 82
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = p;code = 112
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char = a;code = 97
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = P;code = 80
char = T;code = 84
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
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char = m;code = 109
char = R;code = 82
char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = E;code = 69
char = X;code = 88
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = O;code = 79
char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = G;code = 71
char = C;code = 67
char = 1;code = 49
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = p;code = 112
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char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = C;code = 67
char = P;code = 80
char = -;code = 45
char = 2;code = 50
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char = m;code = 109
char = R;code = 82
char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
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char = P;code = 80
char = R;code = 82
char = L;code = 76
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
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char = w;code = 119
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char = r;code = 114
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char = m;code = 109
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char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
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char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
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char = e;code = 101
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char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
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char = d;code = 100
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = -;code = 45
char = 5;code = 53
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = R;code = 82
char = L;code = 76
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
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char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
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char = u;code = 117
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = 5;code = 53
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char = i;code = 105
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char = d;code = 100
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
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char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = q;code = 113
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = O;code = 79
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = l;code = 108
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char = a;code = 97
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char = F;code = 70
char = o;code = 111
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char = O;code = 79
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char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
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char = t;code = 116
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char = D;code = 68
char = E;code = 69
char = X;code = 88
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char = i;code = 105
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char = f;code = 102
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char = d;code = 100
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char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = R;code = 82
char = L;code = 76
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
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char = p;code = 112
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
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char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = O;code = 79
char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = G;code = 71
char = C;code = 67
char = 1;code = 49
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = P;code = 80
char = A;code = 65
char = R;code = 82
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = P;code = 80
char = T;code = 84
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = C;code = 67
char = P;code = 80
char = -;code = 45
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = -;code = 45
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = S;code = 83
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = w;code = 119
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
result sql = Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy reflects the balance between counterregulatory hormones, which induce insulin resistance, and lactogenic hormones, which stimulate beta-cell proliferation and insulin production. Here we explored the interactions of prolactin (PRL) and glucocorticoids in the regulation of beta-cell gene expression, fatty acid oxidation, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). In rat insulinoma cells, rat PRL caused 30-50% (P < 0.001) reductions in Forkhead box O (FoxO)-1, peroxisome proliferator activator receptor (PPAR)-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha), PPARalpha, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT-1) mRNAs and increased Glut-2 mRNA and GSIS; conversely, dexamethasone (DEX) up-regulated FoxO1, PGC1alpha, PPARalpha, CPT-1, and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) mRNAs in insulinoma cells and inhibited GSIS. Hydrocortisone had similar effects. The effects of DEX were attenuated by coincubation of cells with PRL. In primary rat islets, PRL reduced FoxO1, PPARalpha, and CPT-1 mRNAs, whereas DEX increased FoxO1, PGC1alpha, and UCP-2 mRNAs. The effects of PRL on gene expression were mimicked by constitutive overexpression of signal transducer and activator of transcription-5b. PRL induced signal transducer and activator of transcription-5 binding to a consensus sequence in the rat FoxO1 promoter, reduced nuclear FoxO1 protein levels, and induced its phosphorylation and cytoplasmic redistribution. DEX increased beta-cell fatty acid oxidation and reduced fatty acid esterification; these effects were attenuated by PRL. Thus, lactogens and glucocorticoids have opposing effects on a number of beta-cell genes including FoxO1, PGC1alpha, PPARalpha, CPT-1, and UCP-2 and differentially regulate beta-cell Glut-2 expression, fatty acid oxidation, and GSIS. These observations suggest new mechanisms by which lactogens may preserve beta-cell mass and function and maternal glucose tolerance despite the doubling of maternal cortisol concentrations in late gestation.

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