char = A;code = 65
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = z;code = 122
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Antiprotozoal activities determined in vitro and in vivo of certain plant extracts against Histomonas meleagridis, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Blastocystis sp.
Antiprotozoal activities determined in vitro and in vivo of certain plant extracts against Histomonas meleagridis, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Blastocystis sp.
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = w;code = 119
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = a;code = 97
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 8;code = 56
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = /;code = 47
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = w;code = 119
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
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char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
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char = d;code = 100
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char = b;code = 98
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char = a;code = 97
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char = m;code = 109
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
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char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = k;code = 107
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
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char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
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char = y;code = 121
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = w;code = 119
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
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char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ,;code = 44
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char = d;code = 100
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char = u;code = 117
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char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
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result sql = A total of 43 plant substances provided as raw material and different kinds of extracts (aqueous, ethanol, and heptane) from 18 different organic wastes obtained from the food/feed industry were investigated for their in vitro activities against clonal cultures of Histomonas meleagridis, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, and Blastocystis sp. Ethanolic extracts of thyme, saw palmetto, grape seed, and pumpkin fruit proved to be most efficacious. Thus, these extracts were further tested in vivo in turkeys experimentally infected with H. meleagridis by administrating the substances to the birds through the drinking water. Even though a delayed mortality was noticed in some birds medicated with the extracts of thyme, grape seed, and pumpkin fruit, all birds died or had to be euthanized the latest within 5 weeks post infection--with the exception of one bird which was probably never infected with histomonads--due to a severe typhlohepatitis indicative for histomonosis. In addition, none of the substances were able to prevent the spreading of H. meleagridis from infected to in-contact birds. Thus, these studies clearly demonstrate that in vitro studies are of limited value to assess the efficacy of plant substances against histomonosis.

Publication: Parasitol. Res. 2008 Nov ;103(6)::1257-64. :doi: 10.1007/s00436-008-1122-1.
Publication Date: 2008 Nov
Study Author(s): Grabensteiner, Elvira;Liebhart, Dieter;Arshad, Najma;Hess, Michael;
Institution: Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Avian, Reptile and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
Shortcut link to this study:
A total of 43 plant substances provided as raw material and different kinds of extracts (aqueous, ethanol, and heptane) from 18 different organic wastes obtained from the food/feed industry were investigated for their in vitro activities against clonal cultures of Histomonas meleagridis, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, and Blastocystis sp. Ethanolic extracts of thyme, saw palmetto, grape seed, and pumpkin fruit proved to be most efficacious. Thus, these extracts were further tested in vivo in turkeys experimentally infected with H. meleagridis by administrating the substances to the birds through the drinking water. Even though a delayed mortality was noticed in some birds medicated with the extracts of thyme, grape seed, and pumpkin fruit, all birds died or had to be euthanized the latest within 5 weeks post infection--with the exception of one bird which was probably never infected with histomonads--due to a severe typhlohepatitis indicative for histomonosis. In addition, none of the substances were able to prevent the spreading of H. meleagridis from infected to in-contact birds. Thus, these studies clearly demonstrate that in vitro studies are of limited value to assess the efficacy of plant substances against histomonosis.
PMID: 18751730

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