char = H;code = 72 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Hydrolysis of arbutin to hydroquinone by human skin bacteria and its effect on antioxidant activity.
Hydrolysis of arbutin to hydroquinone by human skin bacteria and its effect on antioxidant activity.char = A;code = 65 char = r;code = 114 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = -;code = 45 char = D;code = 68 char = -;code = 45 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = y;code = 121 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = z;code = 122 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = z;code = 122 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 1;code = 49 char = 6;code = 54 char = -;code = 45 char = 4;code = 52 char = .;code = 46 char = 5;code = 53 char = 1;code = 49 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = /;code = 47 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = /;code = 47 char = m;code = 109 char = g;code = 103 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = z;code = 122 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = ,;code = 44 char = 1;code = 49 char = -;code = 45 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = -;code = 45 char = 2;code = 50 char = -;code = 45 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = z;code = 122 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = Arbutin, the beta-D-glucopyranoside of hydroquinone, is a skin whitening cosmetic ingredient. Compared with arbutin, hydroquinone is a more potent skin lightening agent, but shows cytotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and genotoxicity. To evaluate whether skin microflora can hydrolyze arbutin to hydroquinone, we measured the hydrolytic activity of the main skin microflora: Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. All strains hydrolyzed arbutin, with activities of 0.16-4.51 nmol/min/mg. The hydrolyzed hydroquinone showed more potent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and tyrosinase inhibition than arbutin. These findings suggest that normal skin microflora may increase the skin lightening effect of arbutin due to the antioxidant action of hydroquinone.
Publication: J Cosmet Dermatol 2008 Sep ;7(3)::189-93. :doi: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2008.00387.x.
Publication Date: 2008 Sep
Study Author(s): Bang, Seo-Hyun;Han, Sang-Jun;Kim, Dong-Hyun;
Institution: Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
Shortcut link to this study:
Arbutin, the beta-D-glucopyranoside of hydroquinone, is a skin whitening cosmetic ingredient. Compared with arbutin, hydroquinone is a more potent skin lightening agent, but shows cytotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and genotoxicity. To evaluate whether skin microflora can hydrolyze arbutin to hydroquinone, we measured the hydrolytic activity of the main skin microflora: Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. All strains hydrolyzed arbutin, with activities of 0.16-4.51 nmol/min/mg. The hydrolyzed hydroquinone showed more potent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and tyrosinase inhibition than arbutin. These findings suggest that normal skin microflora may increase the skin lightening effect of arbutin due to the antioxidant action of hydroquinone.
PMID: 18789053