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char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
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char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
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char = c;code = 99
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char = d;code = 100
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char = r;code = 114
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char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = n;code = 110
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char = r;code = 114
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char = t;code = 116
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char = b;code = 98
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char = e;code = 101
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char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = -;code = 45
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
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char = y;code = 121
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char = -;code = 45
char = L;code = 76
char = -;code = 45
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ';code = 39
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Excessive S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation increases levels of methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid in rat brain striatal homogenates: possible role in S-adenosyl-L-methionine-induced Parkinson's disease-like disorders.

Excessive S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation increases levels of methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid in rat brain striatal homogenates: possible role in S-adenosyl-L-methionine-induced Parkinson's disease-like disorders.

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char = :;code = 58
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char = <;code = 60
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char = <;code = 60
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char = K;code = 75
char = E;code = 69
char = Y;code = 89
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char = F;code = 70
char = I;code = 73
char = N;code = 78
char = D;code = 68
char = I;code = 73
char = N;code = 78
char = G;code = 71
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
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char = n;code = 110
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char = C;code = 67
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char = c;code = 99
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char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = n;code = 110
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char = [;code = 91
char = 3;code = 51
char = H;code = 72
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char = t;code = 116
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char = y;code = 121
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char = -;code = 45
char = S;code = 83
char = A;code = 65
char = M;code = 77
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
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char = 0;code = 48
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 7;code = 55
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char = 3;code = 51
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
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char = 3;code = 51
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
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char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
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char = 8;code = 56
char = ,;code = 44
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char = 8;code = 56
char = .;code = 46
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 8;code = 56
char = .;code = 46
char = 3;code = 51
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 4;code = 52
char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
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char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = /;code = 47
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
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char = [;code = 91
char = 3;code = 51
char = H;code = 72
char = ];code = 93
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char = m;code = 109
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char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
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char = s;code = 115
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char = s;code = 115
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char = c;code = 99
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char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = A;code = 65
char = M;code = 77
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
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char = a;code = 97
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char = .;code = 46
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
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char = f;code = 102
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = P;code = 80
char = C;code = 67
char = 1;code = 49
char = 2;code = 50
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char = p;code = 112
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char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = P;code = 80
char = C;code = 67
char = 1;code = 49
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char = s;code = 115
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result sql = AIMS : Excessive methylation may be a precipitating factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) since S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), the endogenous methyl donor, induces PD-like changes when injected into the rat brain. The hydrolysis of the methyl ester bond of the methylated proteins produces methanol. Since methanol is oxidized into formaldehyde, and formaldehyde into formic acid in the body, we investigated the effects of SAM on the production of methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid in rat brain striatal homogenates and the toxicity of these products in PC12 cells.

MAIN METHODS : Radio-enzymatic and colorimetric assays, cell viability, Western blot.

KEY FINDINGS : SAM increased the formation of methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid in a concentration and time-dependent manner. Concentrations of [3H-methyl]-SAM at 0.17, 0.33, 0.67 and 1.34 nM produced 3.8, 8.0, 18.3 and 34.4 fmol/mg protein/h of [3H] methanol in rat striatal homogenates, respectively. SAM also significantly generated formaldehyde and formic acid in striatal homogenates. Formaldehyde was the most toxic metabolite to differentiated PC12 pheochromocytoma cells in cell culture studies, indicating that formaldehyde formed endogenously may contribute to neuronal damage in excessive methylation conditions. Subtoxic concentration of formaldehyde decreased the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, the limiting factor in dopamine synthesis. Formaldehyde was more toxic to catecholaminergic PC12 cells than C6 glioma cells, indicating that neurons are more vulnerable to formaldehyde than glia cells.

SIGNIFICANCE : We suggest that excessive carboxylmethylation of proteins might be involved in the SAM-induced PD-like changes and in the aging process via the toxic effects of formaldehyde.

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