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result sql = Oxidative stress impairs upper airway muscle endurance in an animal model of sleep-disordered breathing.
Oxidative stress impairs upper airway muscle endurance in an animal model of sleep-disordered breathing.
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = B;code = 66
char = S;code = 83
char = O;code = 79
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = z;code = 122
char = y;code = 121
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = y;code = 121
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = -;code = 45
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = S;code = 83
char = O;code = 79
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = -;code = 45
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = f;code = 102
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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result sql = Obstructive sleep apnoea is characterised by intermittent hypoxia due to recurrent obstructions of the pharyngeal airway during sleep. We have shown that chronic intermittent hypoxia impairs respiratory muscle function and CNS control of upper airway patency. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that disruption of an endogenous antioxidant defence system exacerbates the effects of intermittent hypoxia on upper airway muscle contractile function. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were placed in restrainers with their heads in hoods in which the ambient oxygen concentration could be modified by controlling the gas supply to the hoods. Sixteen rats were exposed to alternating equal periods of hypoxia and normoxia, twice per minute, 8 hours per day for 1 week. The remaining 16 animals were exposed to normoxia continuously under identical experimental conditions. In both groups, half the animals received daily injections of buthionine sulfoxamine (BSO), an inhibitor of the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione synthesis. The other half received daily vehicle injections. At the end of the 1-week treatment period, the sternohyoid muscles were removed and fatigue characteristics were determined in vitro. Intermittent hypoxia was associated with a decrease in sternohyoid muscle endurance, an effect that was exacerbated by treatment with BSO. In separate experiments, daily treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine blocked the deleterious effects of intermittent hypoxia on respiratory muscle function. We suggest that oxidative stress contributes to impaired upper airway muscle endurance in our animal model and that endogenous glutathione may be especially important in limiting free radical-induced muscle dysfunction. Our results may have particular relevance to respiratory disorders associated with recurrent hypoxia, such as the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome.

Publication: Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2008 ;605:458-62.
Publication Date: 2008
Study Author(s): Dunleavy, Mark;Bradford, Aidan;O'Halloran, Ken D;
Institution: Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Obstructive sleep apnoea is characterised by intermittent hypoxia due to recurrent obstructions of the pharyngeal airway during sleep. We have shown that chronic intermittent hypoxia impairs respiratory muscle function and CNS control of upper airway patency. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that disruption of an endogenous antioxidant defence system exacerbates the effects of intermittent hypoxia on upper airway muscle contractile function. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were placed in restrainers with their heads in hoods in which the ambient oxygen concentration could be modified by controlling the gas supply to the hoods. Sixteen rats were exposed to alternating equal periods of hypoxia and normoxia, twice per minute, 8 hours per day for 1 week. The remaining 16 animals were exposed to normoxia continuously under identical experimental conditions. In both groups, half the animals received daily injections of buthionine sulfoxamine (BSO), an inhibitor of the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione synthesis. The other half received daily vehicle injections. At the end of the 1-week treatment period, the sternohyoid muscles were removed and fatigue characteristics were determined in vitro. Intermittent hypoxia was associated with a decrease in sternohyoid muscle endurance, an effect that was exacerbated by treatment with BSO. In separate experiments, daily treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine blocked the deleterious effects of intermittent hypoxia on respiratory muscle function. We suggest that oxidative stress contributes to impaired upper airway muscle endurance in our animal model and that endogenous glutathione may be especially important in limiting free radical-induced muscle dysfunction. Our results may have particular relevance to respiratory disorders associated with recurrent hypoxia, such as the sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome.
PMID: 18085317

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