char = A;code = 65 char = l;code = 108 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = k;code = 107 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and the risk of recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis.
Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and the risk of recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis.char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = B;code = 66 char = A;code = 65 char = C;code = 67 char = K;code = 75 char = G;code = 71 char = R;code = 82 char = O;code = 79 char = U;code = 85 char = N;code = 78 char = D;code = 68 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = R;code = 82 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = R;code = 82 char = A;code = 65 char = P;code = 80 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = C;code = 67 char = P;code = 80 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = A;code = 65 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = A;code = 65 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = U;code = 85 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = M;code = 77 char = E;code = 69 char = T;code = 84 char = H;code = 72 char = O;code = 79 char = D;code = 68 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = N;code = 78 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = U;code = 85 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 5;code = 53 char = 4;code = 52 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = P;code = 80 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = 4;code = 52 char = 6;code = 54 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = A;code = 65 char = P;code = 80 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 6;code = 54 char = 9;code = 57 char = 5;code = 53 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 6;code = 54 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = U;code = 85 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = f;code = 102 char = -;code = 45 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = j;code = 106 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = <;code = 60 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = =;code = 61 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 5;code = 53 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = );code = 41 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = >;code = 62 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 5;code = 53 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;;code = 59 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = >;code = 62 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 5;code = 53 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = );code = 41 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = >;code = 62 char = 1;code = 49 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = 5;code = 53 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;;code = 59 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = >;code = 62 char = 2;code = 50 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = 5;code = 53 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = );code = 41 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = >;code = 62 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = =;code = 61 char = 5;code = 53 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = k;code = 107 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = k;code = 107 char = -;code = 45 char = y;code = 121 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = R;code = 82 char = E;code = 69 char = S;code = 83 char = U;code = 85 char = L;code = 76 char = T;code = 84 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = O;code = 79 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ';code = 39 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = S;code = 83 char = D;code = 68 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = 4;code = 52 char = 9;code = 57 char = .;code = 46 char = 7;code = 55 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 1;code = 49 char = 5;code = 53 char = .;code = 46 char = 4;code = 52 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = y;code = 121 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;;code = 59 char = ;code = 32 char = 8;code = 56 char = 7;code = 55 char = .;code = 46 char = 5;code = 53 char = %;code = 37 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 5;code = 53 char = 6;code = 54 char = .;code = 46 char = 5;code = 53 char = %;code = 37 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = -;code = 45 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = 3;code = 51 char = 8;code = 56 char = .;code = 46 char = 4;code = 52 char = %;code = 37 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 1;code = 49 char = .;code = 46 char = 0;code = 48 char = %;code = 37 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = P;code = 80 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 6;code = 54 char = .;code = 46 char = 9;code = 57 char = %;code = 37 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 5;code = 53 char = .;code = 46 char = 5;code = 53 char = %;code = 37 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = A;code = 65 char = P;code = 80 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 0;code = 48 char = %;code = 37 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 3;code = 51 char = .;code = 46 char = 6;code = 54 char = %;code = 37 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = 3;code = 51 char = .;code = 46 char = 1;code = 49 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;;code = 59 char = ;code = 32 char = 9;code = 57 char = 5;code = 53 char = %;code = 37 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = .;code = 46 char = 8;code = 56 char = 7;code = 55 char = -;code = 45 char = 5;code = 53 char = .;code = 46 char = 1;code = 49 char = 4;code = 52 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = -;code = 45 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = k;code = 107 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = A;code = 65 char = P;code = 80 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = C;code = 67 char = O;code = 79 char = N;code = 78 char = C;code = 67 char = L;code = 76 char = U;code = 85 char = S;code = 83 char = I;code = 73 char = O;code = 79 char = N;code = 78 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = V;code = 86 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = k;code = 107 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = P;code = 80 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = U;code = 85 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = .;code = 46 result sql = BACKGROUND : Recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) are associated with alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. The etiology of RAP and CP is complex, and effects of alcohol and smoking may be limited to specific patient subsets. We examined the current prevalence of alcohol use and smoking and their association with RAP and CP in patients evaluated at US referral centers.METHODS : The North American Pancreatitis Study 2, a multicenter consortium of 20 US centers, prospectively enrolled 540 patients with CP, 460 patients with RAP, and 695 controls from 2000 to 2006. Using self-reported monthly alcohol consumption during the maximum lifetime drinking period, we classified subjects by drinking status: abstainer, light drinker (< or =0.5 drink per day), moderate drinker (women, >0.5 to 1 drink per day; men, >0.5 to 2 drinks per day), heavy drinker (women, >1 to <5 drinks per day; men, >2 to <5 drinks per day), or very heavy drinker (> or =5 drinks per day for both sexes). Smoking was classified as never, past, or current and was quantified (packs per day and pack-years).RESULTS : Overall, participants' mean (SD) age was 49.7 (15.4) years; 87.5% were white, and 56.5% were women. Approximately one-fourth of both controls and patients were lifetime abstainers. The prevalence of very heavy drinking among men and women was 38.4% and 11.0% for CP, 16.9% and 5.5% for RAP, and 10.0% and 3.6% for controls. Compared with abstaining and light drinking, very heavy drinking was significantly associated with CP (odds ratio, 3.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.87-5.14) after controlling for age, sex, smoking status, and body mass index. Cigarette smoking was an independent, dose-dependent risk factor for CP and RAP.CONCLUSIONS : Very heavy alcohol consumption and smoking are independent risks for CP. A minority of patients with pancreatitis currently seen at US referral centers report very heavy drinking.
Publication: Arch. Intern. Med. 2009 Jun 8 ;169(11)::1035-45. :doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.125.
Publication Date: 2009 Jun 8
Study Author(s): Yadav, Dhiraj;Hawes, Robert H;Brand, Randall E;Anderson, Michelle A;Money, Mary E;Banks, Peter A;Bishop, Michele D;Baillie, John;Sherman, Stuart;DiSario, James;Burton, Frank R;Gardner, Timothy B;Amann, Stephen T;Gelrud, Andres;Lawrence, Christopher;Elinoff, Beth;Greer, Julia B;O'Connell, Michael;Barmada, M Michael;Slivka, Adam;Whitcomb, David C;North American Pancreatic Study Group;
Institution: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3708 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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BACKGROUND : Recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) are associated with alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. The etiology of RAP and CP is complex, and effects of alcohol and smoking may be limited to specific patient subsets. We examined the current prevalence of alcohol use and smoking and their association with RAP and CP in patients evaluated at US referral centers.METHODS : The North American Pancreatitis Study 2, a multicenter consortium of 20 US centers, prospectively enrolled 540 patients with CP, 460 patients with RAP, and 695 controls from 2000 to 2006. Using self-reported monthly alcohol consumption during the maximum lifetime drinking period, we classified subjects by drinking status: abstainer, light drinker (< or =0.5 drink per day), moderate drinker (women, >0.5 to 1 drink per day; men, >0.5 to 2 drinks per day), heavy drinker (women, >1 to <5 drinks per day; men, >2 to <5 drinks per day), or very heavy drinker (> or =5 drinks per day for both sexes). Smoking was classified as never, past, or current and was quantified (packs per day and pack-years).RESULTS : Overall, participants' mean (SD) age was 49.7 (15.4) years; 87.5% were white, and 56.5% were women. Approximately one-fourth of both controls and patients were lifetime abstainers. The prevalence of very heavy drinking among men and women was 38.4% and 11.0% for CP, 16.9% and 5.5% for RAP, and 10.0% and 3.6% for controls. Compared with abstaining and light drinking, very heavy drinking was significantly associated with CP (odds ratio, 3.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.87-5.14) after controlling for age, sex, smoking status, and body mass index. Cigarette smoking was an independent, dose-dependent risk factor for CP and RAP.CONCLUSIONS : Very heavy alcohol consumption and smoking are independent risks for CP. A minority of patients with pancreatitis currently seen at US referral centers report very heavy drinking.
PMID: 19506173