char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
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char = b;code = 98
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char = -;code = 45
char = g;code = 103
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char = u;code = 117
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char = n;code = 110
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
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char = m;code = 109
char = m;code = 109
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char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
result sql = The effects of beta-glucan on human immune and cancer cells.
The effects of beta-glucan on human immune and cancer cells.
char = N;code = 78
char = o;code = 111
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char = -;code = 45
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char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
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char = u;code = 117
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char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
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char = m;code = 109
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char = c;code = 99
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char = m;code = 109
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char = l;code = 108
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char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
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char = m;code = 109
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char = f;code = 102
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char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = h;code = 104
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char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
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char = O;code = 79
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
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char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
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char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
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char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
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char = 1;code = 49
char = -;code = 45
char = -;code = 45
char = >;code = 62
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = f;code = 102
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char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = w;code = 119
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char = t;code = 116
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char = i;code = 105
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
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char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
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char = w;code = 119
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
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char = y;code = 121
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char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
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char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = z;code = 122
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
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char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
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char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
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char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
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char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
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char = ;code = 32
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char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
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char = r;code = 114
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
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char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
result sql = Non-prescriptional use of medicinal herbs among cancer patients is common around the world. The alleged anti-cancer effects of most herbal extracts are mainly based on studies derived from in vitro or in vivo animal experiments. The current information suggests that these herbal extracts exert their biological effect either through cytotoxic or immunomodulatory mechanisms. One of the active compounds responsible for the immune effects of herbal products is in the form of complex polysaccharides known as beta-glucans. beta-glucans are ubiquitously found in both bacterial or fungal cell walls and have been implicated in the initiation of anti-microbial immune response. Based on in vitro studies, beta-glucans act on several immune receptors including Dectin-1, complement receptor (CR3) and TLR-2/6 and trigger a group of immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer cells and dendritic cells. As a consequence, both innate and adaptive response can be modulated by beta-glucans and they can also enhance opsonic and non-opsonic phagocytosis. In animal studies, after oral administration, the specific backbone 1-->3 linear beta-glycosidic chain of beta-glucans cannot be digested. Most beta-glucans enter the proximal small intestine and some are captured by the macrophages. They are internalized and fragmented within the cells, then transported by the macrophages to the marrow and endothelial reticular system. The small beta-glucans fragments are eventually released by the macrophages and taken up by other immune cells leading to various immune responses. However, beta-glucans of different sizes and branching patterns may have significantly variable immune potency. Careful selection of appropriate beta-glucans is essential if we wish to investigate the effects of beta-glucans clinically. So far, no good quality clinical trial data is available on assessing the effectiveness of purified beta-glucans among cancer patients. Future effort should direct at performing well-designed clinical trials to verify the actual clinical efficacy of beta-glucans or beta-glucans containing compounds.

Publication: J Hematol Oncol 2009 ;2:25. :doi: 10.1186/1756-8722-2-25.
Publication Date: 2009
Study Author(s): Chan, Godfrey Chi-Fung;Chan, Wing Keung;Sze, Daniel Man-Yuen;
Institution: Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Non-prescriptional use of medicinal herbs among cancer patients is common around the world. The alleged anti-cancer effects of most herbal extracts are mainly based on studies derived from in vitro or in vivo animal experiments. The current information suggests that these herbal extracts exert their biological effect either through cytotoxic or immunomodulatory mechanisms. One of the active compounds responsible for the immune effects of herbal products is in the form of complex polysaccharides known as beta-glucans. beta-glucans are ubiquitously found in both bacterial or fungal cell walls and have been implicated in the initiation of anti-microbial immune response. Based on in vitro studies, beta-glucans act on several immune receptors including Dectin-1, complement receptor (CR3) and TLR-2/6 and trigger a group of immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer cells and dendritic cells. As a consequence, both innate and adaptive response can be modulated by beta-glucans and they can also enhance opsonic and non-opsonic phagocytosis. In animal studies, after oral administration, the specific backbone 1-->3 linear beta-glycosidic chain of beta-glucans cannot be digested. Most beta-glucans enter the proximal small intestine and some are captured by the macrophages. They are internalized and fragmented within the cells, then transported by the macrophages to the marrow and endothelial reticular system. The small beta-glucans fragments are eventually released by the macrophages and taken up by other immune cells leading to various immune responses. However, beta-glucans of different sizes and branching patterns may have significantly variable immune potency. Careful selection of appropriate beta-glucans is essential if we wish to investigate the effects of beta-glucans clinically. So far, no good quality clinical trial data is available on assessing the effectiveness of purified beta-glucans among cancer patients. Future effort should direct at performing well-designed clinical trials to verify the actual clinical efficacy of beta-glucans or beta-glucans containing compounds.
PMID: 19515245

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