char = A;code = 65 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = z;code = 122 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = -;code = 45 char = 1;code = 49 char = 1;code = 49 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = o;code = 111 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Acute toxicity and hazard assessment of spinosad and R-11 to three cladoceran species and Coho salmon.
Acute toxicity and hazard assessment of spinosad and R-11 to three cladoceran species and Coho salmon.char = A;code = 65 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = z;code = 122 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = D;code = 68 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = D;code = 68 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = j;code = 106 char = u;code = 117 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = o;code = 111 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = O;code = 79 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = j;code = 106 char = u;code = 117 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = -;code = 45 char = 1;code = 49 char = 1;code = 49 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = x;code = 120 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = O;code = 79 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = -;code = 45 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = O;code = 79 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = H;code = 72 char = a;code = 97 char = z;code = 122 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = -;code = 45 char = 1;code = 49 char = 1;code = 49 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = z;code = 122 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = z;code = 122 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = i;code = 105 char = x;code = 120 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = -;code = 45 char = 1;code = 49 char = 1;code = 49 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = Acute toxicity data and hazard assessments were developed for three cladoceran species, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex, and Daphnia magna, and juvenile Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch after exposure to the insecticide, spinosad and adjuvant R-11. The effect of a mixture of these compounds was also determined with C. dubia and O. kisutch. Spinosad was virtually non-toxic to O. kisutch. Hazard assessments indicated that R-11 posed no hazard to any of the species tested while spinosad only posed a hazard to C. dubia. Mixture studies indicated that spinosad and R-11 may interact synergistically in C. dubia.
Publication: Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2009 May ;82(5)::549-53. :doi: 10.1007/s00128-009-9643-6.
Publication Date: 2009 May
Study Author(s): Deardorff, Angela D;Stark, John D;
Institution: Ecotoxicology Program, Department of Entomology, Washington State University Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
Acute toxicity data and hazard assessments were developed for three cladoceran species, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex, and Daphnia magna, and juvenile Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch after exposure to the insecticide, spinosad and adjuvant R-11. The effect of a mixture of these compounds was also determined with C. dubia and O. kisutch. Spinosad was virtually non-toxic to O. kisutch. Hazard assessments indicated that R-11 posed no hazard to any of the species tested while spinosad only posed a hazard to C. dubia. Mixture studies indicated that spinosad and R-11 may interact synergistically in C. dubia.
PMID: 19159051