|
|
char = Q;code = 81
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
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char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
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char = c;code = 99
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char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Quenching of singlet oxygen by a carotenoid-cyclodextrin complex: the importance of aggregate formation.
Quenching of singlet oxygen by a carotenoid-cyclodextrin complex: the importance of aggregate formation.char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = ';code = 39
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
char = R;code = 82
char = P;code = 80
char = );code = 41
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
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char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
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char = n;code = 110
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char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
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char = m;code = 109
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char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
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char = g;code = 103
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char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = -;code = 45
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = );code = 41
char = -;code = 45
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
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char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = -;code = 45
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
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char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = V;code = 86
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = -;code = 45
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
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char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
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char = m;code = 109
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
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char = m;code = 109
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char = m;code = 109
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = -;code = 45
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char = 7;code = 55
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char = +;code = 43
char = /;code = 47
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char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
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char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
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char = );code = 41
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char = m;code = 109
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char = T;code = 84
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
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char = r;code = 114
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char = G;code = 71
char = R;code = 82
char = P;code = 80
char = );code = 41
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
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char = g;code = 103
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char = R;code = 82
char = P;code = 80
char = );code = 41
char = (;code = 40
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char = c;code = 99
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char = x;code = 120
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
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char = o;code = 111
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char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
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char = d;code = 100
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char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
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char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = -;code = 45
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
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char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
char = R;code = 82
char = P;code = 80
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char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = 9;code = 57
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char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
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char = 0;code = 48
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char = 8;code = 56
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
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char = );code = 41
char = s;code = 115
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = C;code = 67
char = T;code = 84
char = A;code = 65
char = B;code = 66
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
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char = 2;code = 50
char = 4;code = 52
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char = +;code = 43
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char = -;code = 45
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
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char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
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char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
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char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
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char = B;code = 66
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char = m;code = 109
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char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
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char = g;code = 103
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
char = R;code = 82
char = P;code = 80
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char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
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char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
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result sql = The Girard's reagent P derivative of canthaxanthin ((GRP)(2)-canthaxanthin), a dicationic carotenoid, forms a highly water-dispersible complex with (2-hydroxypropyl)-gamma-cyclodextrin. The UV-visible light spectrum of the complex is consistent with some degree of aggregation, but the spectrum is independent of concentration from 7.5 to 750 mum. Stern-Vomer plots for singlet-oxygen quenching by the complex are linear over a concentration range of 0-20 mum. In the presence of 1 mm (2-hydroxypropyl)-gamma-cyclodextrin, the singlet-oxygen quenching constant for the complex is 7.9 +/- 0.9 x 10(8) m(-1)s(-1). This is about an order of magnitude lower than the singlet-oxygen quenching constants for (GRP)(2)-canthaxanthin in various organic solvents. The properties of the complex are also compared with the properties of (GRP)(2)-canthaxanthin solubilized in neat water and in water containing various detergents. The singlet-oxygen quenching constant for (GRP)(2)-canthaxanthin in micelles depends strongly on the specific detergent used, varying from 9.4 x 10(8) m(-1)s(-1) for hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to 1.24 +/- 0.4 x 10(10) m(-1)s(-1) for sodium dodecyl sulfate. The small quenching constant in CTAB micelles correlates with spectroscopic evidence for aggregation of the (GRP)(2)-canthaxanthin in this detergent.
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Quenching of singlet oxygen by a carotenoid-cyclodextrin complex: the importance of aggregate formation.
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = i;code = 105
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char = d;code = 100
char = ';code = 39
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
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char = n;code = 110
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
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char = );code = 41
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
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char = h;code = 104
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char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = V;code = 86
char = -;code = 45
char = v;code = 118
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char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
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char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = V;code = 86
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = -;code = 45
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = -;code = 45
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = -;code = 45
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = );code = 41
char = -;code = 45
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = -;code = 45
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = .;code = 46
char = 9;code = 57
char = ;code = 32
char = +;code = 43
char = /;code = 47
char = -;code = 45
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 9;code = 57
char = ;code = 32
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = (;code = 40
char = 8;code = 56
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = s;code = 115
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = -;code = 45
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
char = R;code = 82
char = P;code = 80
char = );code = 41
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
char = R;code = 82
char = P;code = 80
char = );code = 41
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = z;code = 122
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = -;code = 45
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
char = R;code = 82
char = P;code = 80
char = );code = 41
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = 9;code = 57
char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = (;code = 40
char = 8;code = 56
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = s;code = 115
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = C;code = 67
char = T;code = 84
char = A;code = 65
char = B;code = 66
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 2;code = 50
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = +;code = 43
char = /;code = 47
char = -;code = 45
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = s;code = 115
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
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char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = f;code = 102
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
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char = T;code = 84
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char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = T;code = 84
char = A;code = 65
char = B;code = 66
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
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char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
char = R;code = 82
char = P;code = 80
char = );code = 41
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
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result sql = The Girard's reagent P derivative of canthaxanthin ((GRP)(2)-canthaxanthin), a dicationic carotenoid, forms a highly water-dispersible complex with (2-hydroxypropyl)-gamma-cyclodextrin. The UV-visible light spectrum of the complex is consistent with some degree of aggregation, but the spectrum is independent of concentration from 7.5 to 750 mum. Stern-Vomer plots for singlet-oxygen quenching by the complex are linear over a concentration range of 0-20 mum. In the presence of 1 mm (2-hydroxypropyl)-gamma-cyclodextrin, the singlet-oxygen quenching constant for the complex is 7.9 +/- 0.9 x 10(8) m(-1)s(-1). This is about an order of magnitude lower than the singlet-oxygen quenching constants for (GRP)(2)-canthaxanthin in various organic solvents. The properties of the complex are also compared with the properties of (GRP)(2)-canthaxanthin solubilized in neat water and in water containing various detergents. The singlet-oxygen quenching constant for (GRP)(2)-canthaxanthin in micelles depends strongly on the specific detergent used, varying from 9.4 x 10(8) m(-1)s(-1) for hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to 1.24 +/- 0.4 x 10(10) m(-1)s(-1) for sodium dodecyl sulfate. The small quenching constant in CTAB micelles correlates with spectroscopic evidence for aggregation of the (GRP)(2)-canthaxanthin in this detergent.
Publication: Photochem. Photobiol. 2009 Jan-Feb ;85(1)::391-9. :doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00461.x.
Publication Date: 2009 Jan-Feb
Study Author(s): Kanofsky, Jeffrey R;Sima, Paul D;
Institution: Medicine and Neurology Service Line, Edward Hines Jr., Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2009 Jan-Feb
Study Author(s): Kanofsky, Jeffrey R;Sima, Paul D;
Institution: Medicine and Neurology Service Line, Edward Hines Jr., Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL, USA. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
The Girard's reagent P derivative of canthaxanthin ((GRP)(2)-canthaxanthin), a dicationic carotenoid, forms a highly water-dispersible complex with (2-hydroxypropyl)-gamma-cyclodextrin. The UV-visible light spectrum of the complex is consistent with some degree of aggregation, but the spectrum is independent of concentration from 7.5 to 750 mum. Stern-Vomer plots for singlet-oxygen quenching by the complex are linear over a concentration range of 0-20 mum. In the presence of 1 mm (2-hydroxypropyl)-gamma-cyclodextrin, the singlet-oxygen quenching constant for the complex is 7.9 +/- 0.9 x 10(8) m(-1)s(-1). This is about an order of magnitude lower than the singlet-oxygen quenching constants for (GRP)(2)-canthaxanthin in various organic solvents. The properties of the complex are also compared with the properties of (GRP)(2)-canthaxanthin solubilized in neat water and in water containing various detergents. The singlet-oxygen quenching constant for (GRP)(2)-canthaxanthin in micelles depends strongly on the specific detergent used, varying from 9.4 x 10(8) m(-1)s(-1) for hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to 1.24 +/- 0.4 x 10(10) m(-1)s(-1) for sodium dodecyl sulfate. The small quenching constant in CTAB micelles correlates with spectroscopic evidence for aggregation of the (GRP)(2)-canthaxanthin in this detergent.
PMID: 19161405
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