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result sql = An ecological risk assessment of the exposure and effects of 2,4-D acid to rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss).
An ecological risk assessment of the exposure and effects of 2,4-D acid to rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss).
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char = );code = 41
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 0;code = 48
char = -;code = 45
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = j;code = 106
char = u;code = 117
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = ,;code = 44
char = 4;code = 52
char = -;code = 45
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 6;code = 54
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 4;code = 52
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = L;code = 76
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = -;code = 45
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = j;code = 106
char = u;code = 117
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 0;code = 48
char = -;code = 45
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = L;code = 76
char = O;code = 79
char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = ,;code = 44
char = 4;code = 52
char = -;code = 45
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = -;code = 45
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 8;code = 56
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = L;code = 76
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 0;code = 48
char = -;code = 45
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = N;code = 78
char = O;code = 79
char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = L;code = 76
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 0;code = 48
char = -;code = 45
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = C;code = 67
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = ,;code = 44
char = 4;code = 52
char = -;code = 45
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = O;code = 79
char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = O;code = 79
char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = 6;code = 54
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = L;code = 76
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = E;code = 69
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = C;code = 67
char = U;code = 85
char = T;code = 84
char = E;code = 69
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 6;code = 54
char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = i;code = 105
char = .;code = 46
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = 9;code = 57
char = 4;code = 52
char = /;code = 47
char = 7;code = 55
char = 6;code = 54
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = j;code = 106
char = u;code = 117
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 8;code = 56
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = L;code = 76
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = ,;code = 44
char = 4;code = 52
char = -;code = 45
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = L;code = 76
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
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char = d;code = 100
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char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
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char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
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char = d;code = 100
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
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char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
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char = ;code = 32
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char = -;code = 45
char = d;code = 100
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char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
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char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
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char = 9;code = 57
char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = i;code = 105
char = .;code = 46
char = e;code = 101
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
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char = 6;code = 54
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char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = ,;code = 44
char = 4;code = 52
char = -;code = 45
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 3;code = 51
char = 6;code = 54
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = L;code = 76
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 0;code = 48
char = -;code = 45
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = 5;code = 53
char = 9;code = 57
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = g;code = 103
char = .;code = 46
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = 6;code = 54
char = /;code = 47
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
char = 6;code = 54
char = 3;code = 51
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = ,;code = 44
char = 4;code = 52
char = -;code = 45
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = S;code = 83
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
result sql = Numerous state and federal agencies are increasingly concerned with the rapid expansion of invasive, noxious weeds across the United States. Herbicides are frequently applied as weed control measures in forest and rangeland ecosystems that frequently overlap with critical habitats of threatened and endangered fish species. However, there is little published chronic toxicity data for herbicides and fish that can be used to assess ecological risk of herbicides in aquatic environments. We conducted 96-h flowthrough acute and 30-day chronic toxicity studies with swim-up larvae and juvenile rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) exposed to the free acid form of 2,4-D. Juvenile rainbow trout were acutely sensitive to 2,4-D acid equivalent at 494 mg/L (95% confidence interval [CI] 334-668 mg/L; 96-h ALC(50)). Accelerated life-testing procedures, used to estimate chronic mortality from acute data, predicted that a 30-day exposure of juvenile rainbow trout to 2,4-D would result in 1% and 10% mortality at 260 and 343 mg/L, respectively. Swim-up larvae were chronically more sensitive than juveniles using growth as the measurement end point. The 30-day lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) of 2,4-D on growth of swim-up larvae was 108 mg/L, whereas the 30-day no observable effect concentration (NOEC) was 54 mg/L. The 30-day maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) of 2,4-D for rainbow trout, determined as the geometric mean of the NOEC and the LOEC, was 76 mg/L. THE ACUTE: chronic ratio was 6.5 (i.e., 494/76). We observed no chronic effects on growth of juvenile rainbow trout at the highest concentration tested (108 mg/L). Worst-case aquatic exposures to 2,4-D (4 mg/L) occur when the herbicide is directly applied to aquatic ecosystems for aquatic weed control and resulted in a 30-day safety factor of 19 based on the MATC for growth (i.e., 76/4). Highest nontarget aquatic exposures to 2,4-D applied following terrestrial use is calculated at 0.136 mg/L and resulted in a 30-day safety factor of 559 (e.g., 76/0.163). Assessment of the exposure and response data presented herein indicates that use of 2,4-D acid for invasive weed control in aquatic and terrestrial habitats poses no substantial risk to growth or survival of rainbow trout or other salmonids, including the threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus).

Publication: Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2009 May ;56(4)::754-60. :doi: 10.1007/s00244-008-9281-8.
Publication Date: 2009 May
Study Author(s): Fairchild, J F;Feltz, K P;Allert, A L;Sappington, L C;Nelson, K J;Valle, J A;
Institution: US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Numerous state and federal agencies are increasingly concerned with the rapid expansion of invasive, noxious weeds across the United States. Herbicides are frequently applied as weed control measures in forest and rangeland ecosystems that frequently overlap with critical habitats of threatened and endangered fish species. However, there is little published chronic toxicity data for herbicides and fish that can be used to assess ecological risk of herbicides in aquatic environments. We conducted 96-h flowthrough acute and 30-day chronic toxicity studies with swim-up larvae and juvenile rainbow trout (Onchorhyncus mykiss) exposed to the free acid form of 2,4-D. Juvenile rainbow trout were acutely sensitive to 2,4-D acid equivalent at 494 mg/L (95% confidence interval [CI] 334-668 mg/L; 96-h ALC(50)). Accelerated life-testing procedures, used to estimate chronic mortality from acute data, predicted that a 30-day exposure of juvenile rainbow trout to 2,4-D would result in 1% and 10% mortality at 260 and 343 mg/L, respectively. Swim-up larvae were chronically more sensitive than juveniles using growth as the measurement end point. The 30-day lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) of 2,4-D on growth of swim-up larvae was 108 mg/L, whereas the 30-day no observable effect concentration (NOEC) was 54 mg/L. The 30-day maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) of 2,4-D for rainbow trout, determined as the geometric mean of the NOEC and the LOEC, was 76 mg/L. THE ACUTE: chronic ratio was 6.5 (i.e., 494/76). We observed no chronic effects on growth of juvenile rainbow trout at the highest concentration tested (108 mg/L). Worst-case aquatic exposures to 2,4-D (4 mg/L) occur when the herbicide is directly applied to aquatic ecosystems for aquatic weed control and resulted in a 30-day safety factor of 19 based on the MATC for growth (i.e., 76/4). Highest nontarget aquatic exposures to 2,4-D applied following terrestrial use is calculated at 0.136 mg/L and resulted in a 30-day safety factor of 559 (e.g., 76/0.163). Assessment of the exposure and response data presented herein indicates that use of 2,4-D acid for invasive weed control in aquatic and terrestrial habitats poses no substantial risk to growth or survival of rainbow trout or other salmonids, including the threatened bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus).
PMID: 19165410

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