char = G;code = 71 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = -;code = 45 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = G;code = 71 char = M;code = 77 char = O;code = 79 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = ?;code = 63 result sql = Genetic modification through oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis. A GMO regulatory challenge?
Genetic modification through oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis. A GMO regulatory challenge?char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = U;code = 85 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = G;code = 71 char = M;code = 77 char = O;code = 79 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = y;code = 121 char = -;code = 45 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = G;code = 71 char = M;code = 77 char = O;code = 79 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = k;code = 107 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = -;code = 45 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = U;code = 85 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = G;code = 71 char = M;code = 77 char = O;code = 79 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = U;code = 85 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = In the European Union, the definition of a GMO is technology-based. This means that a novel organism will be regulated under the GMO regulatory framework only if it has been developed with the use of defined techniques. This approach is now challenged with the emergence of new techniques. In this paper, we describe regulatory and safety issues associated with the use of oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis to develop novel organisms. We present scientific arguments for not having organisms developed through this technique fall within the scope of the EU regulation on GMOs. We conclude that any political decision on this issue should be taken on the basis of a broad reflection at EU level, while avoiding discrepancies at international level.
Publication: Environ Biosafety Res 2009 Apr-Jun ;8(2)::57-64. :doi: 10.1051/ebr/2009007.
Publication Date: 2009 Apr-Jun
Study Author(s): Breyer, Didier;Herman, Philippe;Brandenburger, Annick;Gheysen, Godelieve;Remaut, Erik;Soumillion, Patrice;Van Doorsselaere, Jan;Custers, René;Pauwels, Katia;Sneyers, Myriam;Reheul, Dirk;
Institution: Scientific Institute of Public Health, Division of Biosafety and Biotechnology, Brussels, Belgium.
[email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
In the European Union, the definition of a GMO is technology-based. This means that a novel organism will be regulated under the GMO regulatory framework only if it has been developed with the use of defined techniques. This approach is now challenged with the emergence of new techniques. In this paper, we describe regulatory and safety issues associated with the use of oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis to develop novel organisms. We present scientific arguments for not having organisms developed through this technique fall within the scope of the EU regulation on GMOs. We conclude that any political decision on this issue should be taken on the basis of a broad reflection at EU level, while avoiding discrepancies at international level.