|
|
char = H;code = 72
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 7;code = 55
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Human Ebola outbreak resulting from direct exposure to fruit bats in Luebo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007.
Human Ebola outbreak resulting from direct exposure to fruit bats in Luebo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007.char = T;code = 84
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = y;code = 121
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = K;code = 75
char = i;code = 105
char = k;code = 107
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = 9;code = 57
char = 5;code = 53
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
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char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = K;code = 75
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = &;code = 38
char = #;code = 35
char = 2;code = 50
char = 3;code = 51
char = 9;code = 57
char = ;;code = 59
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = D;code = 68
char = R;code = 82
char = C;code = 67
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 7;code = 55
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 6;code = 54
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 8;code = 56
char = 6;code = 54
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = Q;code = 81
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
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char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
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char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = w;code = 119
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
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char = p;code = 112
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
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char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = m;code = 109
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
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char = m;code = 109
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char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
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char = b;code = 98
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char = t;code = 116
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char = d;code = 100
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char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
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char = b;code = 98
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char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = u;code = 117
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char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = R;code = 82
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
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char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
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char = a;code = 97
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char = g;code = 103
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result sql = Twelve years after the Kikwit Ebola outbreak in 1995, Ebola virus reemerged in the Occidental Kasaï province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) between May and November 2007, affecting more than 260 humans and causing 186 deaths. During this latter outbreak we conducted several epidemiological investigations to identify the underlying ecological conditions and animal sources. Qualitative social and environmental data were collected through interviews with villagers and by direct observation. The local populations reported no unusual morbidity or mortality among wild or domestic animals, but they described a massive annual fruit bat migration toward the southeast, up the Lulua River. Migrating bats settled in the outbreak area for several weeks, between April and May, nestling in the numerous fruit trees in Ndongo and Koumelele islands as well as in palm trees of a largely abandoned plantation. They were massively hunted by villagers, for whom they represented a major source of protein. By tracing back the initial human-human transmission events, we were able to show that, in May, the putative first human victim bought freshly killed bats from hunters to eat. We were able to reconstruct the likely initial human-human transmission events that preceded the outbreak. This study provides the most likely sequence of events linking a human Ebola outbreak to exposure to fruit bats, a putative virus reservoir. These findings support the suspected role of bats in the natural cycle of Ebola virus and indicate that the massive seasonal fruit bat migrations should be taken into account in operational Ebola risk maps and seasonal alerts in the DRC.
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char = x;code = 120
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char = c;code = 99
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char = C;code = 67
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char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 7;code = 55
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Human Ebola outbreak resulting from direct exposure to fruit bats in Luebo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007.
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char = t;code = 116
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char = K;code = 75
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char = E;code = 69
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char = o;code = 111
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char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = 9;code = 57
char = 5;code = 53
char = ,;code = 44
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char = E;code = 69
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char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
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char = ;code = 32
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char = O;code = 79
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char = c;code = 99
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char = K;code = 75
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char = a;code = 97
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char = #;code = 35
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char = 9;code = 57
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char = o;code = 111
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char = c;code = 99
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char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = D;code = 68
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char = c;code = 99
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char = R;code = 82
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = D;code = 68
char = R;code = 82
char = C;code = 67
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
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char = ;code = 32
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char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 6;code = 54
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 8;code = 56
char = 6;code = 54
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = u;code = 117
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = Q;code = 81
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = w;code = 119
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
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char = T;code = 84
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = .;code = 46
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char = M;code = 77
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char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
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char = w;code = 119
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
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char = s;code = 115
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char = v;code = 118
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char = o;code = 111
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char = n;code = 110
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char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
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char = c;code = 99
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char = i;code = 105
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char = h;code = 104
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
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char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
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char = i;code = 105
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = n;code = 110
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char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
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char = h;code = 104
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char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
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char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
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char = r;code = 114
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char = ;code = 32
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char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = R;code = 82
char = C;code = 67
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
result sql = Twelve years after the Kikwit Ebola outbreak in 1995, Ebola virus reemerged in the Occidental Kasaï province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) between May and November 2007, affecting more than 260 humans and causing 186 deaths. During this latter outbreak we conducted several epidemiological investigations to identify the underlying ecological conditions and animal sources. Qualitative social and environmental data were collected through interviews with villagers and by direct observation. The local populations reported no unusual morbidity or mortality among wild or domestic animals, but they described a massive annual fruit bat migration toward the southeast, up the Lulua River. Migrating bats settled in the outbreak area for several weeks, between April and May, nestling in the numerous fruit trees in Ndongo and Koumelele islands as well as in palm trees of a largely abandoned plantation. They were massively hunted by villagers, for whom they represented a major source of protein. By tracing back the initial human-human transmission events, we were able to show that, in May, the putative first human victim bought freshly killed bats from hunters to eat. We were able to reconstruct the likely initial human-human transmission events that preceded the outbreak. This study provides the most likely sequence of events linking a human Ebola outbreak to exposure to fruit bats, a putative virus reservoir. These findings support the suspected role of bats in the natural cycle of Ebola virus and indicate that the massive seasonal fruit bat migrations should be taken into account in operational Ebola risk maps and seasonal alerts in the DRC.
Publication: Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2009 Dec ;9(6)::723-8. :doi: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0167.
Publication Date: 2009 Dec
Study Author(s): Leroy, Eric M;Epelboin, Alain;Mondonge, Vital;Pourrut, Xavier;Gonzalez, Jean-Paul;Muyembe-Tamfum, Jean-Jacques;Formenty, Pierre;
Institution: Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2009 Dec
Study Author(s): Leroy, Eric M;Epelboin, Alain;Mondonge, Vital;Pourrut, Xavier;Gonzalez, Jean-Paul;Muyembe-Tamfum, Jean-Jacques;Formenty, Pierre;
Institution: Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Twelve years after the Kikwit Ebola outbreak in 1995, Ebola virus reemerged in the Occidental Kasaï province of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) between May and November 2007, affecting more than 260 humans and causing 186 deaths. During this latter outbreak we conducted several epidemiological investigations to identify the underlying ecological conditions and animal sources. Qualitative social and environmental data were collected through interviews with villagers and by direct observation. The local populations reported no unusual morbidity or mortality among wild or domestic animals, but they described a massive annual fruit bat migration toward the southeast, up the Lulua River. Migrating bats settled in the outbreak area for several weeks, between April and May, nestling in the numerous fruit trees in Ndongo and Koumelele islands as well as in palm trees of a largely abandoned plantation. They were massively hunted by villagers, for whom they represented a major source of protein. By tracing back the initial human-human transmission events, we were able to show that, in May, the putative first human victim bought freshly killed bats from hunters to eat. We were able to reconstruct the likely initial human-human transmission events that preceded the outbreak. This study provides the most likely sequence of events linking a human Ebola outbreak to exposure to fruit bats, a putative virus reservoir. These findings support the suspected role of bats in the natural cycle of Ebola virus and indicate that the massive seasonal fruit bat migrations should be taken into account in operational Ebola risk maps and seasonal alerts in the DRC.
PMID: 19323614
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