char = B;code = 66 char = C;code = 67 char = G;code = 71 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = .;code = 46 result sql = BCG vaccines: their mechanisms of attenuation and impact on safety and protective efficacy.
BCG vaccines: their mechanisms of attenuation and impact on safety and protective efficacy.char = M;code = 77 char = y;code = 121 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = -;code = 45 char = G;code = 71 char = u;code = 117 char = &;code = 38 char = #;code = 35 char = 2;code = 50 char = 3;code = 51 char = 3;code = 51 char = ;;code = 59 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = B;code = 66 char = C;code = 67 char = G;code = 71 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = D;code = 68 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = C;code = 67 char = G;code = 71 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = C;code = 67 char = G;code = 71 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = C;code = 67 char = G;code = 71 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = N;code = 78 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = k;code = 107 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = y;code = 121 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = C;code = 67 char = G;code = 71 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = C;code = 67 char = G;code = 71 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = C;code = 67 char = G;code = 71 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = j;code = 106 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = b;code = 98 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = S;code = 83 char = X;code = 88 char = -;code = 45 char = 1;code = 49 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = D;code = 68 char = I;code = 73 char = M;code = 77 char = /;code = 47 char = P;code = 80 char = G;code = 71 char = L;code = 76 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = P;code = 80 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = C;code = 67 char = G;code = 71 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = z;code = 122 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was developed as an attenuated live vaccine for tuberculosis control nearly a century ago. Despite being the most widely used vaccine in human history, the mechanisms of attenuation of BCG remain poorly understood. BCG is not a single organism, but comprises a number of substrains that differ in genotypes and phenotypes. The impacts of these differences on BCG vaccine properties are largely unknown. Nevertheless, in the past decade, the development of sophisticated genome analysis techniques, coupled with advances in knowledge of the virulence mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have provided greater insights into the attenuation and evolution of BCG. This review article discusses these new developments, focusing on molecular mechanisms that contribute to the attenuation of BCG substrains. It is evident that BCG strains comprise natural mutants of major virulence factors of M. tb, including ESX-1, PDIM/PGL and PhoP, and that BCG substrains differ markedly in virulence level. The impacts of these findings on vaccine properties including adverse reaction effect, tuberculin reactivity and protective efficacy are discussed. These new insights have extremely important implications for national immunization programs and the development of future vaccines.
Publication: Hum Vaccin 2009 Feb ;5(2)::70-8.
Publication Date: 2009 Feb
Study Author(s): Liu, Jun;Tran, Vanessa;Leung, Andrea S;Alexander, David C;Zhu, Baoli;
Institution: Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
[email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was developed as an attenuated live vaccine for tuberculosis control nearly a century ago. Despite being the most widely used vaccine in human history, the mechanisms of attenuation of BCG remain poorly understood. BCG is not a single organism, but comprises a number of substrains that differ in genotypes and phenotypes. The impacts of these differences on BCG vaccine properties are largely unknown. Nevertheless, in the past decade, the development of sophisticated genome analysis techniques, coupled with advances in knowledge of the virulence mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have provided greater insights into the attenuation and evolution of BCG. This review article discusses these new developments, focusing on molecular mechanisms that contribute to the attenuation of BCG substrains. It is evident that BCG strains comprise natural mutants of major virulence factors of M. tb, including ESX-1, PDIM/PGL and PhoP, and that BCG substrains differ markedly in virulence level. The impacts of these findings on vaccine properties including adverse reaction effect, tuberculin reactivity and protective efficacy are discussed. These new insights have extremely important implications for national immunization programs and the development of future vaccines.
PMID: 19164935