|
|
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char = o;code = 111
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result sql = Sweet taste receptor expressed in pancreatic beta-cells activates the calcium and cyclic AMP signaling systems and stimulates insulin secretion.
Sweet taste receptor expressed in pancreatic beta-cells activates the calcium and cyclic AMP signaling systems and stimulates insulin secretion.char = <;code = 60
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char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = u;code = 117
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
char = [;code = 91
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = +;code = 43
char = );code = 41
char = ];code = 93
char = (;code = 40
char = c;code = 99
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
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char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = );code = 41
char = -;code = 45
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = -;code = 45
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
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char = h;code = 104
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char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = [;code = 91
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = +;code = 43
char = );code = 41
char = ];code = 93
char = (;code = 40
char = c;code = 99
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char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = c;code = 99
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
char = [;code = 91
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = +;code = 43
char = );code = 41
char = ];code = 93
char = (;code = 40
char = c;code = 99
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char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = i;code = 105
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char = i;code = 105
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char = g;code = 103
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char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
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char = i;code = 105
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char = s;code = 115
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
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char = ;code = 32
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char = t;code = 116
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char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
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char = q;code = 113
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char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = [;code = 91
char = c;code = 99
char = A;code = 65
char = M;code = 77
char = P;code = 80
char = ];code = 93
char = (;code = 40
char = c;code = 99
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
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char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = d;code = 100
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char = b;code = 98
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
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char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = 1;code = 49
char = R;code = 82
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = T;code = 84
char = 1;code = 49
char = R;code = 82
char = 3;code = 51
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char = c;code = 99
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char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
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char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
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char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = C;code = 67
char = L;code = 76
char = U;code = 85
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = S;code = 83
char = w;code = 119
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = p;code = 112
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char = o;code = 111
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char = b;code = 98
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char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = a;code = 97
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char = v;code = 118
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
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char = c;code = 99
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char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
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char = u;code = 117
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char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = +;code = 43
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = c;code = 99
char = A;code = 65
char = M;code = 77
char = P;code = 80
char = -;code = 45
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
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result sql = BACKGROUND : Sweet taste receptor is expressed in the taste buds and enteroendocrine cells acting as a sugar sensor. We investigated the expression and function of the sweet taste receptor in MIN6 cells and mouse islets.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS : The expression of the sweet taste receptor was determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Changes in cytoplasmic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](c)) and cAMP ([cAMP](c)) were monitored in MIN6 cells using fura-2 and Epac1-camps. Activation of protein kinase C was monitored by measuring translocation of MARCKS-GFP. Insulin was measured by radioimmunoassay. mRNA for T1R2, T1R3, and gustducin was expressed in MIN6 cells. In these cells, artificial sweeteners such as sucralose, succharin, and acesulfame-K increased insulin secretion and augmented secretion induced by glucose. Sucralose increased biphasic increase in [Ca(2+)](c). The second sustained phase was blocked by removal of extracellular calcium and addition of nifedipine. An inhibitor of inositol(1, 4, 5)-trisphophate receptor, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, blocked both phases of [Ca(2+)](c) response. The effect of sucralose on [Ca(2+)](c) was inhibited by gurmarin, an inhibitor of the sweet taste receptor, but not affected by a G(q) inhibitor. Sucralose also induced sustained elevation of [cAMP](c), which was only partially inhibited by removal of extracellular calcium and nifedipine. Finally, mouse islets expressed T1R2 and T1R3, and artificial sweeteners stimulated insulin secretion.
CONCLUSIONS : Sweet taste receptor is expressed in beta-cells, and activation of this receptor induces insulin secretion by Ca(2+) and cAMP-dependent mechanisms.
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result sql = Sweet taste receptor expressed in pancreatic beta-cells activates the calcium and cyclic AMP signaling systems and stimulates insulin secretion.
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char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = K;code = 75
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = [;code = 91
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = +;code = 43
char = );code = 41
char = ];code = 93
char = (;code = 40
char = c;code = 99
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = );code = 41
char = -;code = 45
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = -;code = 45
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = [;code = 91
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = +;code = 43
char = );code = 41
char = ];code = 93
char = (;code = 40
char = c;code = 99
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = [;code = 91
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = +;code = 43
char = );code = 41
char = ];code = 93
char = (;code = 40
char = c;code = 99
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = G;code = 71
char = (;code = 40
char = q;code = 113
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = [;code = 91
char = c;code = 99
char = A;code = 65
char = M;code = 77
char = P;code = 80
char = ];code = 93
char = (;code = 40
char = c;code = 99
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = 1;code = 49
char = R;code = 82
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = 1;code = 49
char = R;code = 82
char = 3;code = 51
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = C;code = 67
char = L;code = 76
char = U;code = 85
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = S;code = 83
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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result sql = BACKGROUND : Sweet taste receptor is expressed in the taste buds and enteroendocrine cells acting as a sugar sensor. We investigated the expression and function of the sweet taste receptor in MIN6 cells and mouse islets.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS : The expression of the sweet taste receptor was determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Changes in cytoplasmic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](c)) and cAMP ([cAMP](c)) were monitored in MIN6 cells using fura-2 and Epac1-camps. Activation of protein kinase C was monitored by measuring translocation of MARCKS-GFP. Insulin was measured by radioimmunoassay. mRNA for T1R2, T1R3, and gustducin was expressed in MIN6 cells. In these cells, artificial sweeteners such as sucralose, succharin, and acesulfame-K increased insulin secretion and augmented secretion induced by glucose. Sucralose increased biphasic increase in [Ca(2+)](c). The second sustained phase was blocked by removal of extracellular calcium and addition of nifedipine. An inhibitor of inositol(1, 4, 5)-trisphophate receptor, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, blocked both phases of [Ca(2+)](c) response. The effect of sucralose on [Ca(2+)](c) was inhibited by gurmarin, an inhibitor of the sweet taste receptor, but not affected by a G(q) inhibitor. Sucralose also induced sustained elevation of [cAMP](c), which was only partially inhibited by removal of extracellular calcium and nifedipine. Finally, mouse islets expressed T1R2 and T1R3, and artificial sweeteners stimulated insulin secretion.
CONCLUSIONS : Sweet taste receptor is expressed in beta-cells, and activation of this receptor induces insulin secretion by Ca(2+) and cAMP-dependent mechanisms.
Publication: PLoS ONE 2009 ;4(4)::e5106. :doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005106.
Publication Date: 2009
Study Author(s): Nakagawa, Yuko;Nagasawa, Masahiro;Yamada, Satoko;Hara, Akemi;Mogami, Hideo;Nikolaev, Viacheslav O;Lohse, Martin J;Shigemura, Noriatsu;Ninomiya, Yuzo;Kojima, Itaru;
Institution: Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2009
Study Author(s): Nakagawa, Yuko;Nagasawa, Masahiro;Yamada, Satoko;Hara, Akemi;Mogami, Hideo;Nikolaev, Viacheslav O;Lohse, Martin J;Shigemura, Noriatsu;Ninomiya, Yuzo;Kojima, Itaru;
Institution: Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.
Shortcut link to this study:
BACKGROUND : Sweet taste receptor is expressed in the taste buds and enteroendocrine cells acting as a sugar sensor. We investigated the expression and function of the sweet taste receptor in MIN6 cells and mouse islets.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS : The expression of the sweet taste receptor was determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Changes in cytoplasmic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](c)) and cAMP ([cAMP](c)) were monitored in MIN6 cells using fura-2 and Epac1-camps. Activation of protein kinase C was monitored by measuring translocation of MARCKS-GFP. Insulin was measured by radioimmunoassay. mRNA for T1R2, T1R3, and gustducin was expressed in MIN6 cells. In these cells, artificial sweeteners such as sucralose, succharin, and acesulfame-K increased insulin secretion and augmented secretion induced by glucose. Sucralose increased biphasic increase in [Ca(2+)](c). The second sustained phase was blocked by removal of extracellular calcium and addition of nifedipine. An inhibitor of inositol(1, 4, 5)-trisphophate receptor, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, blocked both phases of [Ca(2+)](c) response. The effect of sucralose on [Ca(2+)](c) was inhibited by gurmarin, an inhibitor of the sweet taste receptor, but not affected by a G(q) inhibitor. Sucralose also induced sustained elevation of [cAMP](c), which was only partially inhibited by removal of extracellular calcium and nifedipine. Finally, mouse islets expressed T1R2 and T1R3, and artificial sweeteners stimulated insulin secretion.
CONCLUSIONS : Sweet taste receptor is expressed in beta-cells, and activation of this receptor induces insulin secretion by Ca(2+) and cAMP-dependent mechanisms.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS : The expression of the sweet taste receptor was determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Changes in cytoplasmic Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](c)) and cAMP ([cAMP](c)) were monitored in MIN6 cells using fura-2 and Epac1-camps. Activation of protein kinase C was monitored by measuring translocation of MARCKS-GFP. Insulin was measured by radioimmunoassay. mRNA for T1R2, T1R3, and gustducin was expressed in MIN6 cells. In these cells, artificial sweeteners such as sucralose, succharin, and acesulfame-K increased insulin secretion and augmented secretion induced by glucose. Sucralose increased biphasic increase in [Ca(2+)](c). The second sustained phase was blocked by removal of extracellular calcium and addition of nifedipine. An inhibitor of inositol(1, 4, 5)-trisphophate receptor, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, blocked both phases of [Ca(2+)](c) response. The effect of sucralose on [Ca(2+)](c) was inhibited by gurmarin, an inhibitor of the sweet taste receptor, but not affected by a G(q) inhibitor. Sucralose also induced sustained elevation of [cAMP](c), which was only partially inhibited by removal of extracellular calcium and nifedipine. Finally, mouse islets expressed T1R2 and T1R3, and artificial sweeteners stimulated insulin secretion.
CONCLUSIONS : Sweet taste receptor is expressed in beta-cells, and activation of this receptor induces insulin secretion by Ca(2+) and cAMP-dependent mechanisms.
PMID: 19352508
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