char = E;code = 69 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = O;code = 79 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = z;code = 122 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Evidence for biogenic processes during formation of ferromanganese crusts from the Pacific Ocean: implications of biologically induced mineralization.
Evidence for biogenic processes during formation of ferromanganese crusts from the Pacific Ocean: implications of biologically induced mineralization.char = F;code = 70 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = [;code = 91 char = F;code = 70 char = e;code = 101 char = /;code = 47 char = M;code = 77 char = n;code = 110 char = ];code = 93 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = o;code = 111 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = N;code = 78 char = i;code = 105 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = u;code = 117 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = Z;code = 90 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = t;code = 116 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = O;code = 79 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = m;code = 109 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = y;code = 121 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = -;code = 45 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = z;code = 122 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = y;code = 121 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = -;code = 45 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = z;code = 122 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = s;code = 115 char = /;code = 47 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = x;code = 120 char = a;code = 97 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = E;code = 69 char = M;code = 77 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = z;code = 122 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = E;code = 69 char = P;code = 80 char = M;code = 77 char = A;code = 65 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = F;code = 70 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = z;code = 122 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = X;code = 88 char = -;code = 45 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = E;code = 69 char = D;code = 68 char = X;code = 88 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = a;code = 97 char = C;code = 67 char = O;code = 79 char = 3;code = 51 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = n;code = 110 char = -;code = 45 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = D;code = 68 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = a;code = 97 char = C;code = 67 char = O;code = 79 char = 3;code = 51 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = n;code = 110 char = -;code = 45 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = n;code = 110 char = -;code = 45 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = a;code = 97 char = C;code = 67 char = O;code = 79 char = 3;code = 51 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = s;code = 115 char = /;code = 47 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = /;code = 47 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = z;code = 122 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = z;code = 122 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = n;code = 110 char = -;code = 45 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = ";code = 34 char = a;code = 97 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ";code = 34 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = Ferromanganese [Fe/Mn] crusts formed on basaltic seamounts, gain considerable economic importance due to their high content of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pt. The deposits are predominantly found in the Pacific Ocean in depths of over 1000m. They are formed in the mixing layer between the upper oxygen-minimum zone and the lower oxygen-rich bottom zone. At present an almost exclusive abiogenic origin of crust formation is considered. We present evidence that the upper layers of the crusts from the Magellan Seamount cluster are very rich in coccoliths/coccolithophores (calcareous phytoplankton) belonging to different taxa. Rarely intact skeletons of these unicellular algae are found, while most of them are disintegrated into their composing prisms or crystals. Studies on the chemical composition of crust samples by high resolution SEM combined with an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) revealed that they are built of distinct stacked piles of individual compartments. In the center of such piles Mn is the dominant element, while the rims of the piles are rich in Fe (mineralization aspect). The compartments contain coccospheres usually at the basal part. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses showed that those coccospheres contain, as expected, CaCO3 but also Mn-oxide. Detailed analysis displayed on the surface of the coccolithophores a high level of CaCO3 while the concentration of Mn-oxide is relatively small. With increasing distance from the coccolithophores the concentration of Mn-oxide increases on the expense of residual CaCO3. We conclude that coccoliths/coccolithophores are crucial for the seed/nucleation phase of crust formation (biomineralization aspect). Subsequently, after the biologically induced mineralization phase Mn-oxide deposition proceeds "auto"catalytically.
Publication: Micron 2009 Jul-Aug ;40(5-6)::526-35. :doi: 10.1016/j.micron.2009.04.005.
Publication Date: 2009 Jul-Aug
Study Author(s): Wang, Xiao-Hong;Schlossmacher, Ute;Natalio, Filipe;Schröder, Heinz C;Wolf, Stephan E;Tremel, Wolfgang;Müller, Werner E G;
Institution: National Research Center for Geoanalysis, 26 Baiwanzhuang Dajie, CHN-100037 Beijing, China.
Shortcut link to this study:
Ferromanganese [Fe/Mn] crusts formed on basaltic seamounts, gain considerable economic importance due to their high content of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pt. The deposits are predominantly found in the Pacific Ocean in depths of over 1000m. They are formed in the mixing layer between the upper oxygen-minimum zone and the lower oxygen-rich bottom zone. At present an almost exclusive abiogenic origin of crust formation is considered. We present evidence that the upper layers of the crusts from the Magellan Seamount cluster are very rich in coccoliths/coccolithophores (calcareous phytoplankton) belonging to different taxa. Rarely intact skeletons of these unicellular algae are found, while most of them are disintegrated into their composing prisms or crystals. Studies on the chemical composition of crust samples by high resolution SEM combined with an electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) revealed that they are built of distinct stacked piles of individual compartments. In the center of such piles Mn is the dominant element, while the rims of the piles are rich in Fe (mineralization aspect). The compartments contain coccospheres usually at the basal part. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses showed that those coccospheres contain, as expected, CaCO3 but also Mn-oxide. Detailed analysis displayed on the surface of the coccolithophores a high level of CaCO3 while the concentration of Mn-oxide is relatively small. With increasing distance from the coccolithophores the concentration of Mn-oxide increases on the expense of residual CaCO3. We conclude that coccoliths/coccolithophores are crucial for the seed/nucleation phase of crust formation (biomineralization aspect). Subsequently, after the biologically induced mineralization phase Mn-oxide deposition proceeds "auto"catalytically.
PMID: 19443230