char = E;code = 69 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Evaluation of genotoxic effects of oral exposure to aluminum oxide nanomaterials in rat bone marrow.
Evaluation of genotoxic effects of oral exposure to aluminum oxide nanomaterials in rat bone marrow.char = N;code = 78 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = z;code = 122 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = H;code = 72 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 3;code = 51 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 4;code = 52 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = m;code = 109 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = k;code = 107 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = 5;code = 53 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = g;code = 103 char = /;code = 47 char = k;code = 107 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = w;code = 119 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = 3;code = 51 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 4;code = 52 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = ;code = 32 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 0;code = 48 char = 5;code = 53 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = ;code = 32 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 1;code = 49 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = N;code = 78 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = g;code = 103 char = /;code = 47 char = k;code = 107 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = 3;code = 51 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 9;code = 57 char = .;code = 46 char = 4;code = 52 char = ;code = 32 char = +;code = 43 char = /;code = 47 char = -;code = 45 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = .;code = 46 char = 8;code = 56 char = 7;code = 55 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 5;code = 53 char = .;code = 46 char = 2;code = 50 char = ;code = 32 char = +;code = 43 char = /;code = 47 char = -;code = 45 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = .;code = 46 char = 3;code = 51 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = 4;code = 52 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 8;code = 56 char = .;code = 46 char = 1;code = 49 char = ;code = 32 char = +;code = 43 char = /;code = 47 char = -;code = 45 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = .;code = 46 char = 8;code = 56 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 3;code = 51 char = .;code = 46 char = 9;code = 57 char = ;code = 32 char = +;code = 43 char = /;code = 47 char = -;code = 45 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = .;code = 46 char = 2;code = 50 char = 1;code = 49 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = .;code = 46 char = 5;code = 53 char = ;code = 32 char = +;code = 43 char = /;code = 47 char = -;code = 45 char = ;code = 32 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 7;code = 55 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = 3;code = 51 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = L;code = 76 char = i;code = 105 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = 4;code = 52 char = 8;code = 56 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = ;code = 32 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 0;code = 48 char = 5;code = 53 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = ;code = 32 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 1;code = 49 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = N;code = 78 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = g;code = 103 char = /;code = 47 char = k;code = 107 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = 3;code = 51 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 1;code = 49 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 6;code = 54 char = ;code = 32 char = +;code = 43 char = /;code = 47 char = -;code = 45 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = .;code = 46 char = 6;code = 54 char = 8;code = 56 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 6;code = 54 char = .;code = 46 char = 6;code = 54 char = ;code = 32 char = +;code = 43 char = /;code = 47 char = -;code = 45 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = .;code = 46 char = 6;code = 54 char = 6;code = 54 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = 4;code = 52 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 9;code = 57 char = .;code = 46 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = +;code = 43 char = /;code = 47 char = -;code = 45 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = .;code = 46 char = 3;code = 51 char = 8;code = 56 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 4;code = 52 char = .;code = 46 char = 7;code = 55 char = ;code = 32 char = +;code = 43 char = /;code = 47 char = -;code = 45 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = .;code = 46 char = 6;code = 54 char = 8;code = 56 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 1;code = 49 char = .;code = 46 char = 8;code = 56 char = ;code = 32 char = +;code = 43 char = /;code = 47 char = -;code = 45 char = ;code = 32 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 7;code = 55 char = 5;code = 53 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = ;code = 32 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 0;code = 48 char = 5;code = 53 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = ;code = 32 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 1;code = 49 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = 3;code = 51 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 1;code = 49 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = g;code = 103 char = /;code = 47 char = k;code = 107 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = w;code = 119 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = 4;code = 52 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = g;code = 103 char = /;code = 47 char = k;code = 107 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = w;code = 119 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 8;code = 56 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = 4;code = 52 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = F;code = 70 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = I;code = 73 char = C;code = 67 char = P;code = 80 char = -;code = 45 char = M;code = 77 char = S;code = 83 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = z;code = 122 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = C;code = 67 char = P;code = 80 char = -;code = 45 char = M;code = 77 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = Nanomaterials have novel properties and functions because of their small size. The unique nature of nanomaterials may be associated with potentially toxic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo genotoxicity of rats exposed with Aluminum oxide nanomaterials. Hence in the present study, the genotoxicity of Aluminum oxide nanomaterials (30 and 40 nm) and its bulk material was studied in bone marrow of female Wistar rats using chromosomal aberration and micronucleus assays. The rats were administered orally with the doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw. Statistically significant genotoxicity was observed with Aluminum oxide 30 and 40 nm with micronucleus as well as chromosomal aberration assays. Significantly (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001) increased frequency of MN was observed with 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw dose levels of Aluminum oxide 30 nm (9.4 +/- 1.87 and 15.2 +/- 2.3, respectively) and Aluminum oxide 40 nm (8.1 +/- 1.8 and 13.9 +/- 2.21, respectively) over control (2.5 +/- 0.7) at 30 h. Likewise, at 48 h sampling time a significant (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001) increase in frequency of MN was evident at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw dose levels of Aluminum oxide 30 nm (10.6 +/- 1.68 and 16.6 +/- 2.66, respectively) and Aluminum oxide 40 nm (9.0 +/- 1.38 and 14.7 +/- 1.68, respectively) compared to control (1.8 +/- 0.75). Significantly increased frequencies (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001) of chromosomal aberrations were observed with Aluminum oxide 30 nm (1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw) and Aluminum oxide 40 nm (2000 mg/kg bw) in comparison to control at 18 and 24 h. Further, since there is need for information on the toxicokinetics of nanomaterials, determination of these properties of the nanomaterials was carried out in different tissues, urine and feces using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A significant size dependent accumulation of Aluminum oxide nanomaterials occurred in different tissues, urine and feces of rats as shown by ICP-MS data. The results of our study suggest that exposure to Aluminum oxide nanomaterials has the potential to cause genetic damage.
Publication: Mutat. Res. 2009 May 31 ;676(1-2)::41-7. :doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.03.004.
Publication Date: 2009 May 31
Study Author(s): Balasubramanyam, A;Sailaja, N;Mahboob, M;Rahman, M F;Misra, S;Hussain, Saber M;Grover, Paramjit;
Institution: Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 607, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Nanomaterials have novel properties and functions because of their small size. The unique nature of nanomaterials may be associated with potentially toxic effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo genotoxicity of rats exposed with Aluminum oxide nanomaterials. Hence in the present study, the genotoxicity of Aluminum oxide nanomaterials (30 and 40 nm) and its bulk material was studied in bone marrow of female Wistar rats using chromosomal aberration and micronucleus assays. The rats were administered orally with the doses of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw. Statistically significant genotoxicity was observed with Aluminum oxide 30 and 40 nm with micronucleus as well as chromosomal aberration assays. Significantly (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001) increased frequency of MN was observed with 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw dose levels of Aluminum oxide 30 nm (9.4 +/- 1.87 and 15.2 +/- 2.3, respectively) and Aluminum oxide 40 nm (8.1 +/- 1.8 and 13.9 +/- 2.21, respectively) over control (2.5 +/- 0.7) at 30 h. Likewise, at 48 h sampling time a significant (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001) increase in frequency of MN was evident at 1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw dose levels of Aluminum oxide 30 nm (10.6 +/- 1.68 and 16.6 +/- 2.66, respectively) and Aluminum oxide 40 nm (9.0 +/- 1.38 and 14.7 +/- 1.68, respectively) compared to control (1.8 +/- 0.75). Significantly increased frequencies (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001) of chromosomal aberrations were observed with Aluminum oxide 30 nm (1000 and 2000 mg/kg bw) and Aluminum oxide 40 nm (2000 mg/kg bw) in comparison to control at 18 and 24 h. Further, since there is need for information on the toxicokinetics of nanomaterials, determination of these properties of the nanomaterials was carried out in different tissues, urine and feces using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A significant size dependent accumulation of Aluminum oxide nanomaterials occurred in different tissues, urine and feces of rats as shown by ICP-MS data. The results of our study suggest that exposure to Aluminum oxide nanomaterials has the potential to cause genetic damage.
PMID: 19486863