char = C;code = 67 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = w;code = 119 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Coma scales: a historical review.
Coma scales: a historical review.char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = O;code = 79 char = B;code = 66 char = J;code = 74 char = E;code = 69 char = C;code = 67 char = T;code = 84 char = I;code = 73 char = V;code = 86 char = E;code = 69 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = T;code = 84 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = y;code = 121 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = M;code = 77 char = E;code = 69 char = T;code = 84 char = H;code = 72 char = O;code = 79 char = D;code = 68 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 9;code = 57 char = 6;code = 54 char = 9;code = 57 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 9;code = 57 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = R;code = 82 char = E;code = 69 char = S;code = 83 char = U;code = 85 char = L;code = 76 char = T;code = 84 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = F;code = 70 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = J;code = 74 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = G;code = 71 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = G;code = 71 char = C;code = 67 char = S;code = 83 char = );code = 41 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = o;code = 111 char = z;code = 122 char = z;code = 122 char = a;code = 97 char = -;code = 45 char = M;code = 77 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = F;code = 70 char = O;code = 79 char = U;code = 85 char = R;code = 82 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = F;code = 70 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = O;code = 79 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = U;code = 85 char = n;code = 110 char = R;code = 82 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = );code = 41 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = D;code = 68 char = I;code = 73 char = S;code = 83 char = C;code = 67 char = U;code = 85 char = S;code = 83 char = S;code = 83 char = I;code = 73 char = O;code = 79 char = N;code = 78 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = O;code = 79 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = G;code = 71 char = C;code = 67 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = j;code = 106 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = T;code = 84 char = B;code = 66 char = I;code = 73 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = H;code = 72 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = J;code = 74 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = F;code = 70 char = O;code = 79 char = U;code = 85 char = R;code = 82 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = G;code = 71 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 result sql = OBJECTIVE : To describe the most important coma scales developed in the last fifty years.METHOD : A review of the literature between 1969 and 2009 in the Medline and Scielo databases was carried out using the following keywords: coma scales, coma, disorders of consciousness, coma score and levels of coma.RESULTS : Five main scales were found in chronological order: the Jouvet coma scale, the Moscow coma scale, the Glasgow coma scale (GCS), the Bozza-Marrubini scale and the FOUR score (Full Outline of UnResponsiveness), as well as other scales that have had less impact and are rarely used outside their country of origin.DISCUSSION : Of the five main scales, the GCS is by far the most widely used. It is easy to apply and very suitable for cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, it has shortcomings, such as the fact that the speech component in intubated patients cannot be tested. While the Jouvet scale is quite sensitive, particularly for levels of consciousness closer to normal levels, it is difficult to use. The Moscow scale has good predictive value but is little used by the medical community. The FOUR score is easy to apply and provides more neurological details than the Glasgow scale.
Publication: Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2010 Dec ;68(6)::930-7. :pii: S0004-282X2010000600019.
Publication Date: 2010 Dec
Study Author(s): Bordini, Ana Luisa;Luiz, Thiago F;Fernandes, Maurício;Arruda, Walter O;Teive, Hélio A G;
Institution: Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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OBJECTIVE : To describe the most important coma scales developed in the last fifty years.METHOD : A review of the literature between 1969 and 2009 in the Medline and Scielo databases was carried out using the following keywords: coma scales, coma, disorders of consciousness, coma score and levels of coma.RESULTS : Five main scales were found in chronological order: the Jouvet coma scale, the Moscow coma scale, the Glasgow coma scale (GCS), the Bozza-Marrubini scale and the FOUR score (Full Outline of UnResponsiveness), as well as other scales that have had less impact and are rarely used outside their country of origin.DISCUSSION : Of the five main scales, the GCS is by far the most widely used. It is easy to apply and very suitable for cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, it has shortcomings, such as the fact that the speech component in intubated patients cannot be tested. While the Jouvet scale is quite sensitive, particularly for levels of consciousness closer to normal levels, it is difficult to use. The Moscow scale has good predictive value but is little used by the medical community. The FOUR score is easy to apply and provides more neurological details than the Glasgow scale.
PMID: 21243255