char = T;code = 84 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Testing insecticide resistance management strategies: mosaic versus rotations.
Testing insecticide resistance management strategies: mosaic versus rotations.char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = B;code = 66 char = A;code = 65 char = C;code = 67 char = K;code = 75 char = G;code = 71 char = R;code = 82 char = O;code = 79 char = U;code = 85 char = N;code = 78 char = D;code = 68 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = D;code = 68 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = I;code = 73 char = R;code = 82 char = M;code = 77 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = k;code = 107 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = x;code = 120 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = L;code = 76 char = .;code = 46 char = );code = 41 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = B;code = 66 char = t;code = 116 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = b;code = 98 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = -;code = 45 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = x;code = 120 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = b;code = 98 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = R;code = 82 char = E;code = 69 char = S;code = 83 char = U;code = 85 char = L;code = 76 char = T;code = 84 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = R;code = 82 char = -;code = 45 char = 1;code = 49 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = x;code = 120 char = ;code = 32 char = =;code = 61 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 7;code = 55 char = ;code = 32 char = &;code = 38 char = #;code = 35 char = 1;code = 49 char = 7;code = 55 char = 7;code = 55 char = ;;code = 59 char = ;code = 32 char = 3;code = 51 char = .;code = 46 char = 2;code = 50 char = 0;code = 48 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = R;code = 82 char = -;code = 45 char = 3;code = 51 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = x;code = 120 char = ;code = 32 char = =;code = 61 char = ;code = 32 char = 4;code = 52 char = 1;code = 49 char = .;code = 46 char = 4;code = 52 char = ;code = 32 char = &;code = 38 char = #;code = 35 char = 1;code = 49 char = 7;code = 55 char = 7;code = 55 char = ;;code = 59 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 7;code = 55 char = .;code = 46 char = 6;code = 54 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = M;code = 77 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = x;code = 120 char = ;code = 32 char = =;code = 61 char = ;code = 32 char = 4;code = 52 char = 1;code = 49 char = .;code = 46 char = 8;code = 56 char = ;code = 32 char = &;code = 38 char = #;code = 35 char = 1;code = 49 char = 7;code = 55 char = 7;code = 55 char = ;;code = 59 char = ;code = 32 char = 6;code = 54 char = .;code = 46 char = 5;code = 53 char = 3;code = 51 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = f;code = 102 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 7;code = 55 char = .;code = 46 char = 2;code = 50 char = -;code = 45 char = 7;code = 55 char = 3;code = 51 char = .;code = 46 char = 5;code = 53 char = %;code = 37 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = C;code = 67 char = K;code = 75 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 7;code = 55 char = 3;code = 51 char = -;code = 45 char = 3;code = 51 char = .;code = 46 char = 1;code = 49 char = %;code = 37 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = 3;code = 51 char = .;code = 46 char = 7;code = 55 char = %;code = 37 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = -;code = 45 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 7;code = 55 char = 2;code = 50 char = %;code = 37 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 2;code = 50 char = 6;code = 54 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 8;code = 56 char = 1;code = 49 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = .;code = 46 char = 6;code = 54 char = %;code = 37 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = -;code = 45 char = 1;code = 49 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = -;code = 45 char = 3;code = 51 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = C;code = 67 char = O;code = 79 char = N;code = 78 char = C;code = 67 char = L;code = 76 char = U;code = 85 char = S;code = 83 char = I;code = 73 char = O;code = 79 char = N;code = 78 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = R;code = 82 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = R;code = 82 char = M;code = 77 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = .;code = 46 result sql = BACKGROUND : Developing scientifically valid, economically acceptable insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs is critical for sustainable insect management. The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), has demonstrated an ability to develop resistance to many different classes of insecticides, including proteins produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt). Recently it has developed resistance to the novel compounds spinosad and indoxacarb. In greenhouse cage experiments, a laboratory-selected population of P. xylostella resistant to spinosad, indoxacarb and Bt was used to compare population growth and resistance evolution if these three insecticides were rotated or used in a mosaic fashion.RESULTS : The average population density through nine generations was lowest in the treatment in which the insecticide was rotated every generation (R-1) (x = 20.7 ± 3.20) compared with the treatment in which the insecticide was rotated every third generation (R-3) (x = 41.4 ± 17.6) or where the insecticides were applied as a mosaic (M) (x = 41.8 ± 6.53). After nine generations, the survival of resistant individuals increased for each insecticide (7.2-73.5%) compared with the population without selection (CK) (0.73-3.1%). Survival on spinosad was significantly lower (23.7%) in the single-generation rotation than for the other two treatments, both of which exceeded 72%. The calculated survival on all three insecticides treated simultaneously, according to the survival on each insecticide, was 0.26, 0.81 and 1.6% for R-1, R-3 and M treatments respectively.CONCLUSION : Results of both population density and resistance development indicated that insecticide rotation every generation was better for IRM than if the insecticide was rotated every third generation or if the three insecticides were applied as a mosaic.
Publication: Pest Manag. Sci. 2010 Oct ;66(10)::1101-5. :doi: 10.1002/ps.1985.
Publication Date: 2010 Oct
Study Author(s): Zhao, Jian-Zhou;Collins, Hilda L;Shelton, Anthony M;
Institution: Department of Entomology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY, USA.
[email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
BACKGROUND : Developing scientifically valid, economically acceptable insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs is critical for sustainable insect management. The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), has demonstrated an ability to develop resistance to many different classes of insecticides, including proteins produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt). Recently it has developed resistance to the novel compounds spinosad and indoxacarb. In greenhouse cage experiments, a laboratory-selected population of P. xylostella resistant to spinosad, indoxacarb and Bt was used to compare population growth and resistance evolution if these three insecticides were rotated or used in a mosaic fashion.RESULTS : The average population density through nine generations was lowest in the treatment in which the insecticide was rotated every generation (R-1) (x = 20.7 ± 3.20) compared with the treatment in which the insecticide was rotated every third generation (R-3) (x = 41.4 ± 17.6) or where the insecticides were applied as a mosaic (M) (x = 41.8 ± 6.53). After nine generations, the survival of resistant individuals increased for each insecticide (7.2-73.5%) compared with the population without selection (CK) (0.73-3.1%). Survival on spinosad was significantly lower (23.7%) in the single-generation rotation than for the other two treatments, both of which exceeded 72%. The calculated survival on all three insecticides treated simultaneously, according to the survival on each insecticide, was 0.26, 0.81 and 1.6% for R-1, R-3 and M treatments respectively.CONCLUSION : Results of both population density and resistance development indicated that insecticide rotation every generation was better for IRM than if the insecticide was rotated every third generation or if the three insecticides were applied as a mosaic.
PMID: 20552665