|
|
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result sql = Cholinergic mediation of alcohol-induced experimental pancreatitis.
Cholinergic mediation of alcohol-induced experimental pancreatitis.char = <;code = 60
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char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
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char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
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char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
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char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
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char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = u;code = 117
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
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char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
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char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
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char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
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char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
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char = g;code = 103
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
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char = i;code = 105
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char = c;code = 99
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char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
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char = l;code = 108
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char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = F;code = 70
char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
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char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
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char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
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char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
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char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
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char = u;code = 117
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char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
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char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = R;code = 82
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = U;code = 85
char = L;code = 76
char = T;code = 84
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = W;code = 87
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
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char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
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char = c;code = 99
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char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
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char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
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char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
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char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
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char = d;code = 100
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char = y;code = 121
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
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char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
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char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
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char = .;code = 46
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char = E;code = 69
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char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = f;code = 102
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char = b;code = 98
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char = y;code = 121
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
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char = y;code = 121
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char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
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result sql = OBJECTIVES : The mechanisms initiating pancreatitis in patients with chronic alcohol abuse are poorly understood. Although alcohol feeding has been previously suggested to alter cholinergic pathways, the effects of these cholinergic alterations in promoting pancreatitis have not been characterized. For this study, we determined the role of the cholinergic system in ethanol-induced sensitizing effects on cerulein pancreatitis.
METHODS : Rats were pair-fed control and ethanol-containing Lieber-DeCarli diets for 6 weeks followed by parenteral administration of 4 hourly intraperitoneal injections of the cholecystokinin analog, cerulein at 0.5 μg/kg. This dose of cerulein was selected because it caused pancreatic injury in ethanol-fed but not in control-fed rats. Pancreatitis was preceded by treatment with the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine or by bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Measurement of pancreatic pathology included serum lipase activity, pancreatic trypsin, and caspase-3 activities, and markers of pancreatic necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy. In addition, we measured the effects of ethanol feeding on pancreatic acetylcholinesterase activity and pancreatic levels of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors m1 and m3. Finally, we examined the synergistic effects of ethanol and carbachol on inducing acinar cell damage.
RESULTS : We found that atropine blocked almost completely pancreatic pathology caused by cerulein administration in ethanol-fed rats, while vagotomy was less effective. Ethanol feeding did not alter expression levels of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the pancreas but significantly decreased pancreatic acetylcholinesterase activity, suggesting that acetylcholine levels and cholinergic input within the pancreas can be higher in ethanol-fed rats. We further found that ethanol treatment of pancreatic acinar cells augmented pancreatic injury responses caused by the cholinergic agonist, carbachol.
CONCLUSION : These results demonstrate key roles for the cholinergic system in the mechanisms of alcoholic pancreatitis.
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result sql = Cholinergic mediation of alcohol-induced experimental pancreatitis.
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char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = M;code = 77
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = O;code = 79
char = D;code = 68
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = R;code = 82
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = -;code = 45
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = -;code = 45
char = D;code = 68
char = e;code = 101
char = C;code = 67
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = 6;code = 54
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = k;code = 107
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = k;code = 107
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
char = ;code = 32
char = &;code = 38
char = #;code = 35
char = 9;code = 57
char = 5;code = 53
char = 6;code = 54
char = ;;code = 59
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = k;code = 107
char = g;code = 103
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = j;code = 106
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = 3;code = 51
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = y;code = 121
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
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char = o;code = 111
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char = C;code = 67
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char = S;code = 83
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char = O;code = 79
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char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
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char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
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char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
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result sql = OBJECTIVES : The mechanisms initiating pancreatitis in patients with chronic alcohol abuse are poorly understood. Although alcohol feeding has been previously suggested to alter cholinergic pathways, the effects of these cholinergic alterations in promoting pancreatitis have not been characterized. For this study, we determined the role of the cholinergic system in ethanol-induced sensitizing effects on cerulein pancreatitis.
METHODS : Rats were pair-fed control and ethanol-containing Lieber-DeCarli diets for 6 weeks followed by parenteral administration of 4 hourly intraperitoneal injections of the cholecystokinin analog, cerulein at 0.5 μg/kg. This dose of cerulein was selected because it caused pancreatic injury in ethanol-fed but not in control-fed rats. Pancreatitis was preceded by treatment with the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine or by bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Measurement of pancreatic pathology included serum lipase activity, pancreatic trypsin, and caspase-3 activities, and markers of pancreatic necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy. In addition, we measured the effects of ethanol feeding on pancreatic acetylcholinesterase activity and pancreatic levels of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors m1 and m3. Finally, we examined the synergistic effects of ethanol and carbachol on inducing acinar cell damage.
RESULTS : We found that atropine blocked almost completely pancreatic pathology caused by cerulein administration in ethanol-fed rats, while vagotomy was less effective. Ethanol feeding did not alter expression levels of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the pancreas but significantly decreased pancreatic acetylcholinesterase activity, suggesting that acetylcholine levels and cholinergic input within the pancreas can be higher in ethanol-fed rats. We further found that ethanol treatment of pancreatic acinar cells augmented pancreatic injury responses caused by the cholinergic agonist, carbachol.
CONCLUSION : These results demonstrate key roles for the cholinergic system in the mechanisms of alcoholic pancreatitis.
Publication: Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2010 Oct ;34(10)::1768-81. :doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01264.x.
Publication Date: 2010 Oct
Study Author(s): Lugea, Aurelia;Gong, Jun;Nguyen, Janie;Nieto, Jose;French, Samuel W;Pandol, Stephen J;
Institution: USC-UCLA Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2010 Oct
Study Author(s): Lugea, Aurelia;Gong, Jun;Nguyen, Janie;Nieto, Jose;French, Samuel W;Pandol, Stephen J;
Institution: USC-UCLA Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and University of California, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
OBJECTIVES : The mechanisms initiating pancreatitis in patients with chronic alcohol abuse are poorly understood. Although alcohol feeding has been previously suggested to alter cholinergic pathways, the effects of these cholinergic alterations in promoting pancreatitis have not been characterized. For this study, we determined the role of the cholinergic system in ethanol-induced sensitizing effects on cerulein pancreatitis.
METHODS : Rats were pair-fed control and ethanol-containing Lieber-DeCarli diets for 6 weeks followed by parenteral administration of 4 hourly intraperitoneal injections of the cholecystokinin analog, cerulein at 0.5 μg/kg. This dose of cerulein was selected because it caused pancreatic injury in ethanol-fed but not in control-fed rats. Pancreatitis was preceded by treatment with the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine or by bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Measurement of pancreatic pathology included serum lipase activity, pancreatic trypsin, and caspase-3 activities, and markers of pancreatic necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy. In addition, we measured the effects of ethanol feeding on pancreatic acetylcholinesterase activity and pancreatic levels of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors m1 and m3. Finally, we examined the synergistic effects of ethanol and carbachol on inducing acinar cell damage.
RESULTS : We found that atropine blocked almost completely pancreatic pathology caused by cerulein administration in ethanol-fed rats, while vagotomy was less effective. Ethanol feeding did not alter expression levels of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the pancreas but significantly decreased pancreatic acetylcholinesterase activity, suggesting that acetylcholine levels and cholinergic input within the pancreas can be higher in ethanol-fed rats. We further found that ethanol treatment of pancreatic acinar cells augmented pancreatic injury responses caused by the cholinergic agonist, carbachol.
CONCLUSION : These results demonstrate key roles for the cholinergic system in the mechanisms of alcoholic pancreatitis.
METHODS : Rats were pair-fed control and ethanol-containing Lieber-DeCarli diets for 6 weeks followed by parenteral administration of 4 hourly intraperitoneal injections of the cholecystokinin analog, cerulein at 0.5 μg/kg. This dose of cerulein was selected because it caused pancreatic injury in ethanol-fed but not in control-fed rats. Pancreatitis was preceded by treatment with the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine or by bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Measurement of pancreatic pathology included serum lipase activity, pancreatic trypsin, and caspase-3 activities, and markers of pancreatic necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy. In addition, we measured the effects of ethanol feeding on pancreatic acetylcholinesterase activity and pancreatic levels of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors m1 and m3. Finally, we examined the synergistic effects of ethanol and carbachol on inducing acinar cell damage.
RESULTS : We found that atropine blocked almost completely pancreatic pathology caused by cerulein administration in ethanol-fed rats, while vagotomy was less effective. Ethanol feeding did not alter expression levels of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the pancreas but significantly decreased pancreatic acetylcholinesterase activity, suggesting that acetylcholine levels and cholinergic input within the pancreas can be higher in ethanol-fed rats. We further found that ethanol treatment of pancreatic acinar cells augmented pancreatic injury responses caused by the cholinergic agonist, carbachol.
CONCLUSION : These results demonstrate key roles for the cholinergic system in the mechanisms of alcoholic pancreatitis.
PMID: 20626730
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