char = F;code = 70 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = j;code = 106 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Feedforward control strategies of subjects with transradial amputation in planar reaching.
Feedforward control strategies of subjects with transradial amputation in planar reaching.char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = -;code = 45 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = b;code = 98 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = j;code = 106 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = -;code = 45 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = b;code = 98 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = j;code = 106 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = k;code = 107 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = j;code = 106 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = k;code = 107 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = j;code = 106 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = j;code = 106 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = b;code = 98 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = H;code = 72 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = t;code = 116 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = j;code = 106 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = -;code = 45 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = t;code = 116 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = k;code = 107 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = j;code = 106 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = z;code = 122 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = b;code = 98 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = The rate of upper-limb amputations is increasing, and the rejection rate of prosthetic devices remains high. People with upper-limb amputation do not fully incorporate prosthetic devices into their activities of daily living. By understanding the reaching behaviors of prosthesis users, researchers can alter prosthetic devices and develop training protocols to improve the acceptance of prosthetic limbs. By observing the reaching characteristics of the nondisabled arms of people with amputation, we can begin to understand how the brain alters its motor commands after amputation. We asked subjects to perform rapid reaching movements to two targets with and without visual feedback. Subjects performed the tasks with both their prosthetic and nondisabled arms. We calculated endpoint error, trajectory error, and variability and compared them with those of nondisabled control subjects. We found no significant abnormalities in the prosthetic limb. However, we found an abnormal leftward trajectory error (in right arms) in the nondisabled arm of prosthetic users in the vision condition. In the no-vision condition, the nondisabled arm displayed abnormal leftward endpoint errors and abnormally higher endpoint variability. In the vision condition, peak velocity was lower and movement duration was longer in both arms of subjects with amputation. These abnormalities may reflect the cortical reorganization associated with limb loss.
Publication: J Rehabil Res Dev 2010 ;47(3)::201-11.
Publication Date: 2010
Study Author(s): Metzger, Anthony J;Dromerick, Alexander W;Schabowsky, Christopher N;Holley, Rahsaan J;Monroe, Brian;Lum, Peter S;
Institution: Center for Applied Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Research, National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
The rate of upper-limb amputations is increasing, and the rejection rate of prosthetic devices remains high. People with upper-limb amputation do not fully incorporate prosthetic devices into their activities of daily living. By understanding the reaching behaviors of prosthesis users, researchers can alter prosthetic devices and develop training protocols to improve the acceptance of prosthetic limbs. By observing the reaching characteristics of the nondisabled arms of people with amputation, we can begin to understand how the brain alters its motor commands after amputation. We asked subjects to perform rapid reaching movements to two targets with and without visual feedback. Subjects performed the tasks with both their prosthetic and nondisabled arms. We calculated endpoint error, trajectory error, and variability and compared them with those of nondisabled control subjects. We found no significant abnormalities in the prosthetic limb. However, we found an abnormal leftward trajectory error (in right arms) in the nondisabled arm of prosthetic users in the vision condition. In the no-vision condition, the nondisabled arm displayed abnormal leftward endpoint errors and abnormally higher endpoint variability. In the vision condition, peak velocity was lower and movement duration was longer in both arms of subjects with amputation. These abnormalities may reflect the cortical reorganization associated with limb loss.
PMID: 20665346