char = E;code = 69 char = x;code = 120 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = -;code = 45 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Executive function in early-treated phenylketonuria: profile and underlying mechanisms.
Executive function in early-treated phenylketonuria: profile and underlying mechanisms.char = D;code = 68 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = -;code = 45 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = P;code = 80 char = K;code = 75 char = U;code = 85 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = E;code = 69 char = F;code = 70 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = F;code = 70 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = -;code = 45 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = K;code = 75 char = U;code = 85 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = K;code = 75 char = U;code = 85 char = -;code = 45 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = F;code = 70 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = F;code = 70 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = o;code = 111 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = g;code = 103 char = .;code = 46 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = P;code = 80 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = k;code = 107 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = g;code = 103 char = .;code = 46 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = k;code = 107 char = s;code = 115 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = D;code = 68 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = -;code = 45 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = -;code = 45 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = F;code = 70 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = F;code = 70 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = -;code = 45 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = -;code = 45 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = F;code = 70 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = F;code = 70 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = g;code = 103 char = .;code = 46 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = F;code = 70 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = N;code = 78 char = e;code = 101 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = F;code = 70 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = w;code = 119 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = Despite early and continuous dietary intervention, individuals with early-treated phenylketonuria (PKU) experience significant neurocognitive sequelae. An area of cognitive ability that is believed to be particularly affected is executive function (EF). This paper provides a critical review of the evidence for EF impairment in early-treated PKU within the context of recent advances in neuropsychological theory and research. The most consistent findings of PKU-related EF impairment were in executive working memory and prepotent response inhibition. Surprisingly, findings on shifting ability and other more complex aspects of EF were largely equivocal. Cohort (e.g., age, phenylalanine (Phe) levels) and task (e.g., standard clinical versus experimental tasks) related differences likely contributed to the variability in findings reported by these studies. Day-to-day EF also appears to be impaired although the precise pattern of impairment remains unclear, as does the relationship between laboratory measures of EF and questionnaires assessing day-to-day EF. Similarly, whereas several studies have found a relationship between Phe levels and EF, the best predictor variable (e.g., concurrent Phe level, lifetime Phe level, Phe level variability) of current EF performance varied from study to study. Neurologic compromise related to dopamine deficiency, white matter abnormalities, and disruptions in functional connectivity likely underlies the EF impairments described in this review. In closing, this review identifies remaining unanswered questions and future avenues for research.
Publication: Mol. Genet. Metab. 2010 ;99 Suppl 1:S22-32. :doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.10.007.
Publication Date: 2010
Study Author(s): Christ, Shawn E;Huijbregts, Stephan C J;de Sonneville, Leo M J;White, Desirée A;
Institution: Department of Psychological Sciences, 210 McAlester Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65203, USA.
[email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Despite early and continuous dietary intervention, individuals with early-treated phenylketonuria (PKU) experience significant neurocognitive sequelae. An area of cognitive ability that is believed to be particularly affected is executive function (EF). This paper provides a critical review of the evidence for EF impairment in early-treated PKU within the context of recent advances in neuropsychological theory and research. The most consistent findings of PKU-related EF impairment were in executive working memory and prepotent response inhibition. Surprisingly, findings on shifting ability and other more complex aspects of EF were largely equivocal. Cohort (e.g., age, phenylalanine (Phe) levels) and task (e.g., standard clinical versus experimental tasks) related differences likely contributed to the variability in findings reported by these studies. Day-to-day EF also appears to be impaired although the precise pattern of impairment remains unclear, as does the relationship between laboratory measures of EF and questionnaires assessing day-to-day EF. Similarly, whereas several studies have found a relationship between Phe levels and EF, the best predictor variable (e.g., concurrent Phe level, lifetime Phe level, Phe level variability) of current EF performance varied from study to study. Neurologic compromise related to dopamine deficiency, white matter abnormalities, and disruptions in functional connectivity likely underlies the EF impairments described in this review. In closing, this review identifies remaining unanswered questions and future avenues for research.
PMID: 20123466