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result sql = Toxic effect and biochemical study of chlorfluazuron, oxymatrine, and spinosad on honey bees (Apis mellifera).

Toxic effect and biochemical study of chlorfluazuron, oxymatrine, and spinosad on honey bees (Apis mellifera).

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char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
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char = 4;code = 52
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char = m;code = 109
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char = ,;code = 44
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char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = b;code = 98
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
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char = L;code = 76
char = C;code = 67
char = (;code = 40
char = 5;code = 53
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char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
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char = 1;code = 49
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char = 6;code = 54
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char = m;code = 109
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char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
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char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
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char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
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char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
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char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = z;code = 122
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = l;code = 108
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char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = l;code = 108
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
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char = s;code = 115
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char = (;code = 40
char = L;code = 76
char = C;code = 67
char = (;code = 40
char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = ,;code = 44
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char = 2;code = 50
char = 6;code = 54
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
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char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
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char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
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char = 5;code = 53
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = 2;code = 50
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char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = C;code = 67
char = h;code = 104
char = E;code = 69
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
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char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = h;code = 104
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char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
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char = i;code = 105
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char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
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char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
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char = m;code = 109
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = .;code = 46
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char = H;code = 72
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char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
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char = r;code = 114
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char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
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char = u;code = 117
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char = a;code = 97
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char = 4;code = 52
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
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char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
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char = 2;code = 50
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char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = ,;code = 44
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char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
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char = L;code = 76
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
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char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
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char = d;code = 100
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char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
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char = h;code = 104
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char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = C;code = 67
char = h;code = 104
char = E;code = 69
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = l;code = 108
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char = h;code = 104
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char = 3;code = 51
char = 9;code = 57
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char = 6;code = 54
char = 5;code = 53
char = %;code = 37
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char = 4;code = 52
char = 4;code = 52
char = .;code = 46
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char = %;code = 37
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char = a;code = 97
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char = 2;code = 50
char = ,;code = 44
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char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = ,;code = 44
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
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char = g;code = 103
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char = L;code = 76
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char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
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char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
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char = c;code = 99
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char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
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char = P;code = 80
char = a;code = 97
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char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = .;code = 46
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char = T;code = 84
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char = e;code = 101
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char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = C;code = 67
char = h;code = 104
char = E;code = 69
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = P;code = 80
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
result sql = Under laboratory conditions, the comparative effects of two insect growth regulators, chlorfluazuron and oxymatrine, and spinosad as a biopesticide were examined on honey bee workers (Apis mellifera L.). Separate groups of bees were left for 24 h to feed on 50% sucrose solution containing different concentrations of the tested insecticides, and the lethal concentration that caused 50% mortality (LC(50)) was estimated. The inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities as biochemical indicators were determined in vivo after 24 h in head, thorax, and abdomen of surviving bees obtained after treatments with a view to explore the possible mode of action of these compounds. Results indicated that exposure to spinosad showed toxicity to honey bees with LC(50) value of 7.34 mg L(-1), followed by oxymatrine (LC(50) = 10.68 mg L(-1)), while chlorfluazuron was the least acutely toxic of the tested compounds (LC(50) = 2,526 mg L(-1)). Oxymatrine and spinosad at the same tested concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg L(-1)) significantly inhibited AChE activity in different organs of honey bee workers, and high inhibition percentage was obtained with the enzyme isolated from the thorax. However, chlorfluazuron at 400, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 mg L(-1) caused high inhibition of AChE activity isolated from the head (39.65% and 44.22% at 2,000 and 4,000 mg L(-1), respectively). In addition, the toxic effects of the tested compounds on activity of ATPase indicated that spinosad caused the highest inhibitory effect in different organs compared with oxymatrine at the same concentrations, and high inhibition was found with ATPase isolated from the head. The results also indicated that oxymatrine was the least active compound for inhibition of AChE and ATPase.

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