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;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = 1;code = 49 char = 2;code = 50 char = 2;code = 50 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = z;code = 122 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = 5;code = 53 char = 5;code = 53 char = 1;code = 49 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = 5;code = 53 char = 6;code = 54 char = %;code = 37 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = z;code = 122 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = 3;code = 51 char = 1;code = 49 char = %;code = 37 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = M;code = 77 char = R;code = 82 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = C;code = 67 char = O;code = 79 char = N;code = 78 char = C;code = 67 char = L;code = 76 char = U;code = 85 char = S;code = 83 char = I;code = 73 char = O;code = 79 char = N;code = 78 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ';code = 39 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = M;code = 77 char = R;code = 82 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ';code = 39 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 result sql = BACKGROUND : Unsafe abortion is estimated to account for 13% of maternal mortality globally. Medical abortion is a safe alternative.METHODS : By estimating mortality risks for unsafe and medical abortion and childbirth for Tanzania and Ethiopia, we modelled changes in maternal mortality that are achievable if unsafe abortion were replaced by medical abortion. We selected Ethiopia and Tanzania because of their high maternal mortality ratios (MMRatios) and contrasting situations regarding health care provision and abortion legislation. We focused on misoprostol-only regimens due to the drug's low cost and accessibility. We included the impact of medical abortion on women who would otherwise choose unsafe abortion and on women with unwanted/mistimed pregnancies who would otherwise carry to term.RESULTS : Thousands of lives could be saved each year in each country by implementing medical abortion using misoprostol (2122 in Tanzania and 2551 in Ethiopia assuming coverage equals family planning services levels: 56% for Tanzania, 31% for Ethiopia). Changes in MMRatios would be less pronounced because the intervention would also affect national birth rates.CONCLUSIONS : This is the first analysis of impact of medical abortion provision which takes into account additional potential users other than those currently using unsafe abortion. Thousands of women's lives could be saved, but this may not be reflected in as substantial changes in MMRatios because of medical abortion's demographic impact. Therefore policy makers must be aware of the inability of some traditional measures of maternal mortality to detect the real benefits offered by such an intervention.
Publication: PLoS ONE 2010 ;5(10)::e13260. :doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013260. :pii: e13260.
Publication Date: 2010
Study Author(s): Baggaley, Rebecca F;Burgin, Joanna;Campbell, Oona M R;
Institution: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
[email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
BACKGROUND : Unsafe abortion is estimated to account for 13% of maternal mortality globally. Medical abortion is a safe alternative.METHODS : By estimating mortality risks for unsafe and medical abortion and childbirth for Tanzania and Ethiopia, we modelled changes in maternal mortality that are achievable if unsafe abortion were replaced by medical abortion. We selected Ethiopia and Tanzania because of their high maternal mortality ratios (MMRatios) and contrasting situations regarding health care provision and abortion legislation. We focused on misoprostol-only regimens due to the drug's low cost and accessibility. We included the impact of medical abortion on women who would otherwise choose unsafe abortion and on women with unwanted/mistimed pregnancies who would otherwise carry to term.RESULTS : Thousands of lives could be saved each year in each country by implementing medical abortion using misoprostol (2122 in Tanzania and 2551 in Ethiopia assuming coverage equals family planning services levels: 56% for Tanzania, 31% for Ethiopia). Changes in MMRatios would be less pronounced because the intervention would also affect national birth rates.CONCLUSIONS : This is the first analysis of impact of medical abortion provision which takes into account additional potential users other than those currently using unsafe abortion. Thousands of women's lives could be saved, but this may not be reflected in as substantial changes in MMRatios because of medical abortion's demographic impact. Therefore policy makers must be aware of the inability of some traditional measures of maternal mortality to detect the real benefits offered by such an intervention.
PMID: 20948995