char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 result sql = The effects of circumcision on the penis microbiome.
The effects of circumcision on the penis microbiome.char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = B;code = 66 char = A;code = 65 char = C;code = 67 char = K;code = 75 char = G;code = 71 char = R;code = 82 char = O;code = 79 char = U;code = 85 char = N;code = 78 char = D;code = 68 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = C;code = 67 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = H;code = 72 char = I;code = 73 char = V;code = 86 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = H;code = 72 char = S;code = 83 char = V;code = 86 char = -;code = 45 char = 2;code = 50 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = H;code = 72 char = P;code = 80 char = V;code = 86 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = M;code = 77 char = E;code = 69 char = T;code = 84 char = H;code = 72 char = O;code = 79 char = D;code = 68 char = O;code = 79 char = L;code = 76 char = O;code = 79 char = G;code = 71 char = Y;code = 89 char = /;code = 47 char = P;code = 80 char = R;code = 82 char = I;code = 73 char = N;code = 78 char = C;code = 67 char = I;code = 73 char = P;code = 80 char = A;code = 65 char = L;code = 76 char = ;code = 32 char = F;code = 70 char = I;code = 73 char = N;code = 78 char = D;code = 68 char = I;code = 73 char = N;code = 78 char = G;code = 71 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = W;code = 87 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 2;code = 50 char = ;code = 32 char = H;code = 72 char = I;code = 73 char = V;code = 86 char = -;code = 45 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = U;code = 85 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = z;code = 122 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = -;code = 45 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = 6;code = 54 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = R;code = 82 char = N;code = 78 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = y;code = 121 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = V;code = 86 char = 3;code = 51 char = -;code = 45 char = V;code = 86 char = 4;code = 52 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = a;code = 97 char = x;code = 120 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = D;code = 68 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = N;code = 78 char = a;code = 97 char = &;code = 38 char = #;code = 35 char = 2;code = 50 char = 3;code = 51 char = 9;code = 57 char = ;;code = 59 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = B;code = 66 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = 4;code = 52 char = 2;code = 50 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = O;code = 79 char = x;code = 120 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = P;code = 80 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = M;code = 77 char = A;code = 65 char = N;code = 78 char = O;code = 79 char = V;code = 86 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = =;code = 61 char = ;code = 32 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 7;code = 55 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = W;code = 87 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = -;code = 45 char = R;code = 82 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = k;code = 107 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = =;code = 61 char = ;code = 32 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 0;code = 48 char = 1;code = 49 char = 4;code = 52 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = -;code = 45 char = C;code = 67 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = F;code = 70 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = X;code = 88 char = I;code = 73 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = =;code = 61 char = ;code = 32 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 6;code = 54 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = =;code = 61 char = ;code = 32 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 0;code = 48 char = 0;code = 48 char = 6;code = 54 char = );code = 41 char = -;code = 45 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = .;code = 46 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = F;code = 70 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = .;code = 46 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = .;code = 46 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = C;code = 67 char = O;code = 79 char = N;code = 78 char = C;code = 67 char = L;code = 76 char = U;code = 85 char = S;code = 83 char = I;code = 73 char = O;code = 79 char = N;code = 78 char = S;code = 83 char = /;code = 47 char = S;code = 83 char = I;code = 73 char = G;code = 71 char = N;code = 78 char = I;code = 73 char = F;code = 70 char = I;code = 73 char = C;code = 67 char = A;code = 65 char = N;code = 78 char = C;code = 67 char = E;code = 69 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = -;code = 45 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = f;code = 102 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = L;code = 76 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = H;code = 72 char = I;code = 73 char = V;code = 86 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = D;code = 68 char = 4;code = 52 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = f;code = 102 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = H;code = 72 char = I;code = 73 char = V;code = 86 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 result sql = BACKGROUND : Circumcision is associated with significant reductions in HIV, HSV-2 and HPV infections among men and significant reductions in bacterial vaginosis among their female partners.METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS : We assessed the penile (coronal sulci) microbiota in 12 HIV-negative Ugandan men before and after circumcision. Microbiota were characterized using sequence-tagged 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing targeting the V3-V4 hypervariable regions. Taxonomic classification was performed using the RDP Naïve Bayesian Classifier. Among the 42 unique bacterial families identified, Pseudomonadaceae and Oxalobactericeae were the most abundant irrespective of circumcision status. Circumcision was associated with a significant change in the overall microbiota (PerMANOVA p = 0.007) and with a significant decrease in putative anaerobic bacterial families (Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test p = 0.014). Specifically, two families-Clostridiales Family XI (p = 0.006) and Prevotellaceae (p = 0.006)-were uniquely abundant before circumcision. Within these families we identified a number of anaerobic genera previously associated with bacterial vaginosis including: Anaerococcus spp., Finegoldia spp., Peptoniphilus spp., and Prevotella spp.CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE : The anoxic microenvironment of the subpreputial space may support pro-inflammatory anaerobes that can activate Langerhans cells to present HIV to CD4 cells in draining lymph nodes. Thus, the reduction in putative anaerobic bacteria after circumcision may play a role in protection from HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Publication: PLoS ONE 2010 ;5(1)::e8422. :doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008422.
Publication Date: 2010
Study Author(s): Price, Lance B;Liu, Cindy M;Johnson, Kristine E;Aziz, Maliha;Lau, Matthew K;Bowers, Jolene;Ravel, Jacques;Keim, Paul S;Serwadda, David;Wawer, Maria J;Gray, Ronald H;
Institution: Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America.
[email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
BACKGROUND : Circumcision is associated with significant reductions in HIV, HSV-2 and HPV infections among men and significant reductions in bacterial vaginosis among their female partners.METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS : We assessed the penile (coronal sulci) microbiota in 12 HIV-negative Ugandan men before and after circumcision. Microbiota were characterized using sequence-tagged 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing targeting the V3-V4 hypervariable regions. Taxonomic classification was performed using the RDP Naïve Bayesian Classifier. Among the 42 unique bacterial families identified, Pseudomonadaceae and Oxalobactericeae were the most abundant irrespective of circumcision status. Circumcision was associated with a significant change in the overall microbiota (PerMANOVA p = 0.007) and with a significant decrease in putative anaerobic bacterial families (Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test p = 0.014). Specifically, two families-Clostridiales Family XI (p = 0.006) and Prevotellaceae (p = 0.006)-were uniquely abundant before circumcision. Within these families we identified a number of anaerobic genera previously associated with bacterial vaginosis including: Anaerococcus spp., Finegoldia spp., Peptoniphilus spp., and Prevotella spp.CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE : The anoxic microenvironment of the subpreputial space may support pro-inflammatory anaerobes that can activate Langerhans cells to present HIV to CD4 cells in draining lymph nodes. Thus, the reduction in putative anaerobic bacteria after circumcision may play a role in protection from HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.
PMID: 20066050