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result sql = Trends in energy and sugar intakes and body mass index between 1983 and 1997 among children in Great Britain.
Trends in energy and sugar intakes and body mass index between 1983 and 1997 among children in Great Britain.
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char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = <;code = 60
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
char = 6;code = 54
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = >;code = 62
char = 2;code = 50
char = .;code = 46
char = 6;code = 54
char = 5;code = 53
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = R;code = 82
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = U;code = 85
char = L;code = 76
char = T;code = 84
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = M;code = 77
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = I;code = 73
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = k;code = 107
char = J;code = 74
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = 9;code = 57
char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = 8;code = 56
char = 3;code = 51
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = H;code = 72
char = E;code = 69
char = R;code = 82
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = I;code = 73
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = 9;code = 57
char = 7;code = 55
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = B;code = 66
char = M;code = 77
char = I;code = 73
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 7;code = 55
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = k;code = 107
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = -;code = 45
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = k;code = 107
char = g;code = 103
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 1;code = 49
char = 5;code = 53
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = 8;code = 56
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 1;code = 49
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = 9;code = 57
char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = 2;code = 50
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 2;code = 50
char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = (;code = 40
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = H;code = 72
char = E;code = 69
char = R;code = 82
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = =;code = 61
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 0;code = 48
char = 8;code = 56
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = x;code = 120
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = H;code = 72
char = E;code = 69
char = R;code = 82
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = y;code = 121
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = 9;code = 57
char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 3;code = 51
char = 5;code = 53
char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 7;code = 55
char = .;code = 46
char = 8;code = 56
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = 3;code = 51
char = .;code = 46
char = 6;code = 54
char = %;code = 37
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 2;code = 50
char = .;code = 46
char = 3;code = 51
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = k;code = 107
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
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char = s;code = 115
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char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
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char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
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char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
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char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = j;code = 106
char = u;code = 117
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char = c;code = 99
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char = b;code = 98
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char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
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char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
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char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
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char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = C;code = 67
char = L;code = 76
char = U;code = 85
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = A;code = 65
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
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char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = w;code = 119
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = r;code = 114
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char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
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char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = -;code = 45
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = 9;code = 57
char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = I;code = 73
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = M;code = 77
char = I;code = 73
char = .;code = 46
result sql = BACKGROUND : It has been suggested that rising obesity among children is partly attributable to sugary foods and soft drinks driving an increase in energy intake (EI). Yet historical data on sugar intake are sparse. The present study calculated total sugar intake de novo among 3296 children aged 10-11 and 14-15 years in 1983 and compared EI, macronutrients and sugar sources with data from 459 children of same age in the 1997 National Diet and Nutrition Survey.

METHODS : Secondary analysis of 7-day weighed diet records and anthropometric data from two British surveys. Compositional data on sugars applied to individual food codes to calculate sugar intake and sources for 1983. Trends examined before/after adjustment for low/high energy reporting (LHER) defined as EI : basal metabolic rate <1.16 or >2.65.

RESULTS : Mean EI (kJ day(-1)) was 7% lower in 1997 than in 1983, mainly as a result of lower fat intake. After excluding LHER, mean EI was 3% lower in 1997. Mean body mass index (BMI) increased by 0.7-1 kg m(-2) (2-3 kg). Total sugar intake averaged 115 g day(-1) in 1983 and 113 g day(-1) in 1997 (122 versus 127 g day(-1) excluding LHER, P = 0.08). Excluding LHER, fat energy was lower in 1997 (35.4% versus 37.8%) and sugars slightly higher (23.6% versus 22.3%). Sugar sources showed a marked shift away from table sugar with smaller falls in milk, biscuits and cakes, counterbalanced by an significant increase in sugar from soft drinks and, to a lesser extent, fruit juice and breakfast cereals.

CONCLUSIONS : Although the study design precludes drawing causal inferences regarding nutrient intake and obesity, a higher prevalence of under-reporting and lower levels of physical activity in 1997 could explain the paradox of lower reported EI and rising BMI.

Publication: J Hum Nutr Diet 2010 Aug ;23(4)::371-81. :doi: 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2010.01059.x.
Publication Date: 2010 Aug
Study Author(s): Gibson, S;
Institution: Sig-Nurture Ltd, Guildford, Surrey GU1 2TF, UK. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
BACKGROUND : It has been suggested that rising obesity among children is partly attributable to sugary foods and soft drinks driving an increase in energy intake (EI). Yet historical data on sugar intake are sparse. The present study calculated total sugar intake de novo among 3296 children aged 10-11 and 14-15 years in 1983 and compared EI, macronutrients and sugar sources with data from 459 children of same age in the 1997 National Diet and Nutrition Survey.

METHODS : Secondary analysis of 7-day weighed diet records and anthropometric data from two British surveys. Compositional data on sugars applied to individual food codes to calculate sugar intake and sources for 1983. Trends examined before/after adjustment for low/high energy reporting (LHER) defined as EI : basal metabolic rate <1.16 or >2.65.

RESULTS : Mean EI (kJ day(-1)) was 7% lower in 1997 than in 1983, mainly as a result of lower fat intake. After excluding LHER, mean EI was 3% lower in 1997. Mean body mass index (BMI) increased by 0.7-1 kg m(-2) (2-3 kg). Total sugar intake averaged 115 g day(-1) in 1983 and 113 g day(-1) in 1997 (122 versus 127 g day(-1) excluding LHER, P = 0.08). Excluding LHER, fat energy was lower in 1997 (35.4% versus 37.8%) and sugars slightly higher (23.6% versus 22.3%). Sugar sources showed a marked shift away from table sugar with smaller falls in milk, biscuits and cakes, counterbalanced by an significant increase in sugar from soft drinks and, to a lesser extent, fruit juice and breakfast cereals.

CONCLUSIONS : Although the study design precludes drawing causal inferences regarding nutrient intake and obesity, a higher prevalence of under-reporting and lower levels of physical activity in 1997 could explain the paradox of lower reported EI and rising BMI.
PMID: 20337846

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