char = O;code = 79 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = -;code = 45 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Obese women have lower monosodium glutamate taste sensitivity and prefer higher concentrations than do normal-weight women.
Obese women have lower monosodium glutamate taste sensitivity and prefer higher concentrations than do normal-weight women.char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = -;code = 45 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = 5;code = 53 char = 7;code = 55 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = j;code = 106 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = 3;code = 51 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 3;code = 51 char = 4;code = 52 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = -;code = 45 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = k;code = 107 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = H;code = 72 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = M;code = 77 char = S;code = 83 char = G;code = 71 char = ;;code = 59 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;;code = 59 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = -;code = 45 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = -;code = 45 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = -;code = 45 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = L;code = 76 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = g;code = 103 char = L;code = 76 char = M;code = 77 char = S;code = 83 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = 9;code = 57 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = /;code = 47 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = S;code = 83 char = G;code = 71 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = 9;code = 57 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = /;code = 47 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = N;code = 78 char = a;code = 97 char = C;code = 67 char = l;code = 108 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = O;code = 79 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = S;code = 83 char = G;code = 71 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = S;code = 83 char = G;code = 71 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = -;code = 45 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = H;code = 72 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = S;code = 83 char = G;code = 71 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = S;code = 83 char = G;code = 71 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = -;code = 45 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = 8;code = 56 char = %;code = 37 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = 9;code = 57 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = /;code = 47 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = S;code = 83 char = G;code = 71 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = 9;code = 57 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = /;code = 47 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = N;code = 78 char = a;code = 97 char = C;code = 67 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = S;code = 83 char = G;code = 71 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = S;code = 83 char = G;code = 71 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = a;code = 97 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = S;code = 83 char = G;code = 71 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = The goal of this study was to determine whether obese women exhibit altered umami and sweet taste perception compared to normal-weight women. A total of 57 subjects (23 obese and 34 normal weight) participated in a 2-day study separated by 1 week. Half of the women in each group were evaluated using monosodium glutamate (MSG; prototypical umami stimulus) on the first test day and sucrose on the second test day; the order was reversed for the remaining women. We used two-alternative forced-choice staircase procedures to measure taste detection thresholds, forced-choice tracking technique to measure preferences, the general Labeled Magnitude Scale (gLMS) to measure perceived intensity of suprathreshold concentrations, and a triangle test to measure discrimination between 29 mmol/l MSG and 29 mmol/l NaCl. Obese women required higher MSG concentrations to detect a taste and preferred significantly higher MSG concentrations in a soup-like vehicle. However, their perception of MSG at suprathreshold concentrations, their ability to discriminate MSG from salt, and their preference for sucrose were similar to that observed in normal-weight women. Regardless of their body weight category, 28% of the women did not discriminate 29 mmol/l MSG from 29 mmol/l NaCl (nondiscriminators). Surprisingly, we found that, relative to discriminators, nondiscriminators perceived less savoriness when tasting suprathreshold MSG concentrations and less sweetness from suprathreshold sucrose concentrations but had similar MSG and sucrose detection thresholds. Taken together, these data suggest that body weight is related to some components of umami taste and that different mechanisms are involved in the perception of threshold and suprathreshold MSG concentrations.
Publication: Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010 May ;18(5)::959-65. :doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.493.
Publication Date: 2010 May
Study Author(s): Pepino, M Yanina;Finkbeiner, Susana;Beauchamp, Gary K;Mennella, Julie A;
Institution: Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
The goal of this study was to determine whether obese women exhibit altered umami and sweet taste perception compared to normal-weight women. A total of 57 subjects (23 obese and 34 normal weight) participated in a 2-day study separated by 1 week. Half of the women in each group were evaluated using monosodium glutamate (MSG; prototypical umami stimulus) on the first test day and sucrose on the second test day; the order was reversed for the remaining women. We used two-alternative forced-choice staircase procedures to measure taste detection thresholds, forced-choice tracking technique to measure preferences, the general Labeled Magnitude Scale (gLMS) to measure perceived intensity of suprathreshold concentrations, and a triangle test to measure discrimination between 29 mmol/l MSG and 29 mmol/l NaCl. Obese women required higher MSG concentrations to detect a taste and preferred significantly higher MSG concentrations in a soup-like vehicle. However, their perception of MSG at suprathreshold concentrations, their ability to discriminate MSG from salt, and their preference for sucrose were similar to that observed in normal-weight women. Regardless of their body weight category, 28% of the women did not discriminate 29 mmol/l MSG from 29 mmol/l NaCl (nondiscriminators). Surprisingly, we found that, relative to discriminators, nondiscriminators perceived less savoriness when tasting suprathreshold MSG concentrations and less sweetness from suprathreshold sucrose concentrations but had similar MSG and sucrose detection thresholds. Taken together, these data suggest that body weight is related to some components of umami taste and that different mechanisms are involved in the perception of threshold and suprathreshold MSG concentrations.
PMID: 20075854