char = G;code = 71 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = y;code = 121 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Glutathione biosynthesis in the yeast pathogens Candida glabrata and Candida albicans: essential in C. glabrata, and essential for virulence in C. albicans.
Glutathione biosynthesis in the yeast pathogens Candida glabrata and Candida albicans: essential in C. glabrata, and essential for virulence in C. albicans.char = R;code = 82 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = G;code = 71 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = y;code = 121 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = u;code = 117 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = j;code = 106 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = z;code = 122 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = E;code = 69 char = T;code = 84 char = 1;code = 49 char = 5;code = 53 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = u;code = 117 char = x;code = 120 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = 1;code = 49 char = 5;code = 53 char = &;code = 38 char = #;code = 35 char = 9;code = 57 char = 1;code = 49 char = 6;code = 54 char = ;;code = 59 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;;code = 59 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = y;code = 121 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = 1;code = 49 char = 5;code = 53 char = &;code = 38 char = #;code = 35 char = 9;code = 57 char = 1;code = 49 char = 6;code = 54 char = ;;code = 59 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = k;code = 107 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = D;code = 68 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = y;code = 121 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = &;code = 38 char = #;code = 35 char = 9;code = 57 char = 4;code = 52 char = 7;code = 55 char = ;;code = 59 char = -;code = 45 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = z;code = 122 char = y;code = 121 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = F;code = 70 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = &;code = 38 char = #;code = 35 char = 9;code = 57 char = 4;code = 52 char = 7;code = 55 char = ;;code = 59 char = -;code = 45 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = -;code = 45 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = z;code = 122 char = y;code = 121 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = u;code = 117 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = &;code = 38 char = #;code = 35 char = 9;code = 57 char = 4;code = 52 char = 7;code = 55 char = ;;code = 59 char = -;code = 45 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = y;code = 121 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = k;code = 107 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = z;code = 122 char = y;code = 121 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = Redox pathways play a key role in pathogenesis. Glutathione, a central molecule in redox homeostasis in yeasts, is an essential metabolite, but its requirements can be met either from endogenous biosynthesis or from the extracellular milieu. In this report we have examined the importance of glutathione biosynthesis in two major human opportunistic fungal pathogens, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. As the genome sequence of C. glabrata had suggested the absence of glutathione transporters, we initially investigated exogenous glutathione utilization in C. glabrata by disruption of the MET15 gene, involved in methionine biosynthesis. We observed an organic sulphur auxotrophy in a C. glabrata met15Δ strain; however, unlike its Saccharomyces cerevisiae counterpart, the C. glabrata met15Δ strain was unable to grow on exogenous glutathione. This inability to grow on exogenous glutathione was demonstrated to be due to the lack of a functional glutathione transporter, despite the presence of a functional glutathione degradation machinery (the Dug pathway). In the absence of the ability to obtain glutathione from the extracellular medium, we examined and could demonstrate that γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase, the first enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis, was essential in C. glabrata. Further, although γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase has been reported to be non-essential in C. albicans, we report here for what is believed to be the first time that the enzyme is required for survival in human macrophages in vitro, as well as for virulence in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis. The essentiality of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase in C. glabrata, and its essentiality for virulence in C. albicans, make the enzyme a strong candidate for antifungal development.
Publication: Microbiology (Reading, Engl.) 2011 Feb ;157(Pt 2)::484-95. :doi: 10.1099/mic.0.045054-0.
Publication Date: 2011 Feb
Study Author(s): Yadav, Amit Kumar;Desai, Prashant Ramesh;Rai, Maruti Nandan;Kaur, Rupinder;Ganesan, Kaliannan;Bachhawat, Anand Kumar;
Institution: Institute of Microbial Technology (CSIR), Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160 036, India.
Shortcut link to this study:
Redox pathways play a key role in pathogenesis. Glutathione, a central molecule in redox homeostasis in yeasts, is an essential metabolite, but its requirements can be met either from endogenous biosynthesis or from the extracellular milieu. In this report we have examined the importance of glutathione biosynthesis in two major human opportunistic fungal pathogens, Candida albicans and Candida glabrata. As the genome sequence of C. glabrata had suggested the absence of glutathione transporters, we initially investigated exogenous glutathione utilization in C. glabrata by disruption of the MET15 gene, involved in methionine biosynthesis. We observed an organic sulphur auxotrophy in a C. glabrata met15Δ strain; however, unlike its Saccharomyces cerevisiae counterpart, the C. glabrata met15Δ strain was unable to grow on exogenous glutathione. This inability to grow on exogenous glutathione was demonstrated to be due to the lack of a functional glutathione transporter, despite the presence of a functional glutathione degradation machinery (the Dug pathway). In the absence of the ability to obtain glutathione from the extracellular medium, we examined and could demonstrate that γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase, the first enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis, was essential in C. glabrata. Further, although γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase has been reported to be non-essential in C. albicans, we report here for what is believed to be the first time that the enzyme is required for survival in human macrophages in vitro, as well as for virulence in a murine model of disseminated candidiasis. The essentiality of γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase in C. glabrata, and its essentiality for virulence in C. albicans, make the enzyme a strong candidate for antifungal development.
PMID: 20966090