|
|
char = S;code = 83
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Specific transgenerational imprinting effects of the endocrine disruptor methoxychlor on male gametes.
Specific transgenerational imprinting effects of the endocrine disruptor methoxychlor on male gametes.char = E;code = 69
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = E;code = 69
char = D;code = 68
char = C;code = 67
char = s;code = 115
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = X;code = 88
char = C;code = 67
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = X;code = 88
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = z;code = 122
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = H;code = 72
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = G;code = 71
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = M;code = 77
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = P;code = 80
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = n;code = 110
char = r;code = 114
char = p;code = 112
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = 3;code = 51
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = X;code = 88
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
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char = m;code = 109
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = C;code = 67
char = p;code = 112
char = G;code = 71
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = 3;code = 51
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char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
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char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = n;code = 110
char = r;code = 114
char = p;code = 112
char = n;code = 110
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = X;code = 88
char = C;code = 67
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
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char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
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char = %;code = 37
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = m;code = 109
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
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char = g;code = 103
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char = i;code = 105
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char = b;code = 98
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char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
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char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
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char = f;code = 102
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result sql = Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), among which methoxychlor (MXC), have been reported to affect the male reproductive system. This study evaluates the possible deleterious effects of MXC on imprinted genes. After administration of the chemical in adult male mice or in pregnant mice we analyzed by pyrosequencing possible methylation defects in two paternally imprinted (H19 and Meg3 (Gtl2)) and three maternally imprinted (Mest (Peg1), Snrpn, and Peg3) genes in the sperm and in the tail, liver, and skeletal muscle DNAs of the adult male mice and of the male offspring. MXC treatment of adult mice decreased the percentages of methylated CpGs of Meg3 and increased those of Mest, Snrpn, and Peg3 in the sperm DNA. MXC treatment of pregnant mice decreased the mean sperm concentrations by 30% and altered the methylation pattern of all the imprinted genes tested in the F1 offspring. In the latter case, MXC effects were transgenerational but disappeared gradually from F1 to F3. MXC did not affect imprinting in the somatic cells, suggesting that it exerts its damaging effects via the process of reprogramming that is unique to gamete development. A systematic analysis at the CpG level showed a heterogeneity in the CpG sensitivity to MXC. This observation suggests that not only DNA methylation but also other epigenetic modifications can explain the transgenerational effects of MXC. The reported effects of EDCs on human male spermatogenesis might be mediated by complex imprinting alterations analogous to those described in this study.
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char = e;code = 101
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result sql = Specific transgenerational imprinting effects of the endocrine disruptor methoxychlor on male gametes.
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char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
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char = t;code = 116
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char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
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char = T;code = 84
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = t;code = 116
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
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char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
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char = C;code = 67
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
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char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
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char = m;code = 109
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char = d;code = 100
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char = b;code = 98
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char = p;code = 112
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char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
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char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
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char = G;code = 71
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char = );code = 41
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char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
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char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
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char = D;code = 68
char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
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char = C;code = 67
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char = a;code = 97
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char = D;code = 68
char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
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char = M;code = 77
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char = C;code = 67
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char = f;code = 102
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result sql = Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), among which methoxychlor (MXC), have been reported to affect the male reproductive system. This study evaluates the possible deleterious effects of MXC on imprinted genes. After administration of the chemical in adult male mice or in pregnant mice we analyzed by pyrosequencing possible methylation defects in two paternally imprinted (H19 and Meg3 (Gtl2)) and three maternally imprinted (Mest (Peg1), Snrpn, and Peg3) genes in the sperm and in the tail, liver, and skeletal muscle DNAs of the adult male mice and of the male offspring. MXC treatment of adult mice decreased the percentages of methylated CpGs of Meg3 and increased those of Mest, Snrpn, and Peg3 in the sperm DNA. MXC treatment of pregnant mice decreased the mean sperm concentrations by 30% and altered the methylation pattern of all the imprinted genes tested in the F1 offspring. In the latter case, MXC effects were transgenerational but disappeared gradually from F1 to F3. MXC did not affect imprinting in the somatic cells, suggesting that it exerts its damaging effects via the process of reprogramming that is unique to gamete development. A systematic analysis at the CpG level showed a heterogeneity in the CpG sensitivity to MXC. This observation suggests that not only DNA methylation but also other epigenetic modifications can explain the transgenerational effects of MXC. The reported effects of EDCs on human male spermatogenesis might be mediated by complex imprinting alterations analogous to those described in this study.
Publication: Reproduction 2011 Feb ;141(2)::207-16. :doi: 10.1530/REP-10-0400.
Publication Date: 2011 Feb
Study Author(s): Stouder, Christelle;Paoloni-Giacobino, Ariane;
Institution: Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2011 Feb
Study Author(s): Stouder, Christelle;Paoloni-Giacobino, Ariane;
Institution: Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
Shortcut link to this study:
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), among which methoxychlor (MXC), have been reported to affect the male reproductive system. This study evaluates the possible deleterious effects of MXC on imprinted genes. After administration of the chemical in adult male mice or in pregnant mice we analyzed by pyrosequencing possible methylation defects in two paternally imprinted (H19 and Meg3 (Gtl2)) and three maternally imprinted (Mest (Peg1), Snrpn, and Peg3) genes in the sperm and in the tail, liver, and skeletal muscle DNAs of the adult male mice and of the male offspring. MXC treatment of adult mice decreased the percentages of methylated CpGs of Meg3 and increased those of Mest, Snrpn, and Peg3 in the sperm DNA. MXC treatment of pregnant mice decreased the mean sperm concentrations by 30% and altered the methylation pattern of all the imprinted genes tested in the F1 offspring. In the latter case, MXC effects were transgenerational but disappeared gradually from F1 to F3. MXC did not affect imprinting in the somatic cells, suggesting that it exerts its damaging effects via the process of reprogramming that is unique to gamete development. A systematic analysis at the CpG level showed a heterogeneity in the CpG sensitivity to MXC. This observation suggests that not only DNA methylation but also other epigenetic modifications can explain the transgenerational effects of MXC. The reported effects of EDCs on human male spermatogenesis might be mediated by complex imprinting alterations analogous to those described in this study.
PMID: 21062904
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