|
|
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result sql = Urinary Iodine and Goiter Prevalence in Belarus: experience of the Belarus-American cohort study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases following the Chornobyl nuclear accident.
Urinary Iodine and Goiter Prevalence in Belarus: experience of the Belarus-American cohort study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases following the Chornobyl nuclear accident.char = <;code = 60
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 6;code = 54
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = 8;code = 56
char = 6;code = 54
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = y;code = 121
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = -;code = 45
char = A;code = 65
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = ;code = 32
char = J;code = 74
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = 9;code = 57
char = 7;code = 55
char = -;code = 45
char = M;code = 77
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = A;code = 65
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = -;code = 45
char = D;code = 68
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 4;code = 52
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = /;code = 47
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = i;code = 105
char = .;code = 46
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = /;code = 47
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = R;code = 82
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = U;code = 85
char = L;code = 76
char = T;code = 84
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = M;code = 77
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = 1;code = 49
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = L;code = 76
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 6;code = 54
char = 5;code = 53
char = .;code = 46
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = L;code = 76
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = z;code = 122
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
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result sql = BACKGROUND : Because iodine deficiency can influence background rates of thyroid disease or modify radiation dose-response relationships, we compiled descriptive data on iodine status among participants in a Belarusian-American screening study who were exposed in childhood to radioiodine fallout from the Chornobyl nuclear accident. We have used the data from two consecutive screening cycles to examine whether indicators of iodine status changed before and after documented government initiatives to improve iodine intake.
METHODS : Urinary iodine concentrations in spot samples and prevalence of diffuse goiter by palpation were assessed in 11,676 exposed subjects who were 18 years or younger at the time of the accident on April 26, 1986, and were screened beginning 11 years later in connection with the Belarus-American Thyroid Study. Data for the first ( January 1997-March 2001) and second (April 2001-December 2004) screening cycles, which largely correspond to time periods before and after official iodination efforts in 2000/2001, were compared for the cohort overall as well as by oblast of residence (i.e., state) and type of residency (urban/rural).
RESULTS : Median urine iodine levels among cohort members increased significantly in the later period (111.5 mg/L) compared to the earlier (65.3 mg/L), with the cycle 2 level in the range defined as adequate iodine intake by the World Health Organization. During the same period, a significant decline in diffuse goiter prevalence was also observed. In both cycles, urinary iodine levels were lower in rural than in urban residents. Urinary iodine levels, but not rates of goiter, varied by oblast of residence. In both periods, adjusted median urine iodine concentrations were similar in Gomel and Minsk oblasts, where *89% of cohort members resided, and were lowest in Mogilev oblast. Yet Mogilev oblast and rural areas showed the most marked increases over time.
CONCLUSIONS : Trends in urinary iodine concentrations and prevalence of diffuse goiter by palpation suggest that iodination efforts in Belarus were successful, with benefits extending to the most iodine-deficient populations. Iodine status should be considered when evaluating thyroid disease risk in radioiodine-exposed populations since it can change over time and may influence rates of disease and, possibly, dose-response relationships
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char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Urinary Iodine and Goiter Prevalence in Belarus: experience of the Belarus-American cohort study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases following the Chornobyl nuclear accident.
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = B;code = 66
char = A;code = 65
char = C;code = 67
char = K;code = 75
char = G;code = 71
char = R;code = 82
char = O;code = 79
char = U;code = 85
char = N;code = 78
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = B;code = 66
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = f;code = 102
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = k;code = 107
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = A;code = 65
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = M;code = 77
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = O;code = 79
char = D;code = 68
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = U;code = 85
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
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char = y;code = 121
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char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
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char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
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char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
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char = f;code = 102
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = 6;code = 54
char = 7;code = 55
char = 6;code = 54
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = j;code = 106
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
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char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 8;code = 56
char = ;code = 32
char = y;code = 121
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = y;code = 121
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
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char = A;code = 65
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char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 6;code = 54
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
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char = 6;code = 54
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = y;code = 121
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char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = n;code = 110
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char = o;code = 111
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char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = -;code = 45
char = A;code = 65
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = S;code = 83
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = y;code = 121
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = ;code = 32
char = J;code = 74
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = 9;code = 57
char = 7;code = 55
char = -;code = 45
char = M;code = 77
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = A;code = 65
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = -;code = 45
char = D;code = 68
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 4;code = 52
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = /;code = 47
char = 2;code = 50
char = 0;code = 48
char = 0;code = 48
char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = i;code = 105
char = .;code = 46
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = /;code = 47
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = R;code = 82
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = U;code = 85
char = L;code = 76
char = T;code = 84
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = M;code = 77
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 1;code = 49
char = 1;code = 49
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = L;code = 76
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 6;code = 54
char = 5;code = 53
char = .;code = 46
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = L;code = 76
char = );code = 41
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = W;code = 87
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = z;code = 122
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = j;code = 106
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
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result sql = BACKGROUND : Because iodine deficiency can influence background rates of thyroid disease or modify radiation dose-response relationships, we compiled descriptive data on iodine status among participants in a Belarusian-American screening study who were exposed in childhood to radioiodine fallout from the Chornobyl nuclear accident. We have used the data from two consecutive screening cycles to examine whether indicators of iodine status changed before and after documented government initiatives to improve iodine intake.
METHODS : Urinary iodine concentrations in spot samples and prevalence of diffuse goiter by palpation were assessed in 11,676 exposed subjects who were 18 years or younger at the time of the accident on April 26, 1986, and were screened beginning 11 years later in connection with the Belarus-American Thyroid Study. Data for the first ( January 1997-March 2001) and second (April 2001-December 2004) screening cycles, which largely correspond to time periods before and after official iodination efforts in 2000/2001, were compared for the cohort overall as well as by oblast of residence (i.e., state) and type of residency (urban/rural).
RESULTS : Median urine iodine levels among cohort members increased significantly in the later period (111.5 mg/L) compared to the earlier (65.3 mg/L), with the cycle 2 level in the range defined as adequate iodine intake by the World Health Organization. During the same period, a significant decline in diffuse goiter prevalence was also observed. In both cycles, urinary iodine levels were lower in rural than in urban residents. Urinary iodine levels, but not rates of goiter, varied by oblast of residence. In both periods, adjusted median urine iodine concentrations were similar in Gomel and Minsk oblasts, where *89% of cohort members resided, and were lowest in Mogilev oblast. Yet Mogilev oblast and rural areas showed the most marked increases over time.
CONCLUSIONS : Trends in urinary iodine concentrations and prevalence of diffuse goiter by palpation suggest that iodination efforts in Belarus were successful, with benefits extending to the most iodine-deficient populations. Iodine status should be considered when evaluating thyroid disease risk in radioiodine-exposed populations since it can change over time and may influence rates of disease and, possibly, dose-response relationships
Publication: Thyroid 2011 Apr ;21(4)::429-37. :doi: 10.1089/thy.2010.0143.
Publication Date: 2011 Apr
Study Author(s): Hatch, Maureen;Polyanskaya, Olga;McConnell, Robert;Gong, Zhihong;Drozdovitch, Vladimir;Rozhko, Alexander;Prokopovich, Alexander;Petrenko, Sergey;Brenner, Alina;Zablotska, Lydia;
Institution: Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2011 Apr
Study Author(s): Hatch, Maureen;Polyanskaya, Olga;McConnell, Robert;Gong, Zhihong;Drozdovitch, Vladimir;Rozhko, Alexander;Prokopovich, Alexander;Petrenko, Sergey;Brenner, Alina;Zablotska, Lydia;
Institution: Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
BACKGROUND : Because iodine deficiency can influence background rates of thyroid disease or modify radiation dose-response relationships, we compiled descriptive data on iodine status among participants in a Belarusian-American screening study who were exposed in childhood to radioiodine fallout from the Chornobyl nuclear accident. We have used the data from two consecutive screening cycles to examine whether indicators of iodine status changed before and after documented government initiatives to improve iodine intake.
METHODS : Urinary iodine concentrations in spot samples and prevalence of diffuse goiter by palpation were assessed in 11,676 exposed subjects who were 18 years or younger at the time of the accident on April 26, 1986, and were screened beginning 11 years later in connection with the Belarus-American Thyroid Study. Data for the first ( January 1997-March 2001) and second (April 2001-December 2004) screening cycles, which largely correspond to time periods before and after official iodination efforts in 2000/2001, were compared for the cohort overall as well as by oblast of residence (i.e., state) and type of residency (urban/rural).
RESULTS : Median urine iodine levels among cohort members increased significantly in the later period (111.5 mg/L) compared to the earlier (65.3 mg/L), with the cycle 2 level in the range defined as adequate iodine intake by the World Health Organization. During the same period, a significant decline in diffuse goiter prevalence was also observed. In both cycles, urinary iodine levels were lower in rural than in urban residents. Urinary iodine levels, but not rates of goiter, varied by oblast of residence. In both periods, adjusted median urine iodine concentrations were similar in Gomel and Minsk oblasts, where *89% of cohort members resided, and were lowest in Mogilev oblast. Yet Mogilev oblast and rural areas showed the most marked increases over time.
CONCLUSIONS : Trends in urinary iodine concentrations and prevalence of diffuse goiter by palpation suggest that iodination efforts in Belarus were successful, with benefits extending to the most iodine-deficient populations. Iodine status should be considered when evaluating thyroid disease risk in radioiodine-exposed populations since it can change over time and may influence rates of disease and, possibly, dose-response relationships
METHODS : Urinary iodine concentrations in spot samples and prevalence of diffuse goiter by palpation were assessed in 11,676 exposed subjects who were 18 years or younger at the time of the accident on April 26, 1986, and were screened beginning 11 years later in connection with the Belarus-American Thyroid Study. Data for the first ( January 1997-March 2001) and second (April 2001-December 2004) screening cycles, which largely correspond to time periods before and after official iodination efforts in 2000/2001, were compared for the cohort overall as well as by oblast of residence (i.e., state) and type of residency (urban/rural).
RESULTS : Median urine iodine levels among cohort members increased significantly in the later period (111.5 mg/L) compared to the earlier (65.3 mg/L), with the cycle 2 level in the range defined as adequate iodine intake by the World Health Organization. During the same period, a significant decline in diffuse goiter prevalence was also observed. In both cycles, urinary iodine levels were lower in rural than in urban residents. Urinary iodine levels, but not rates of goiter, varied by oblast of residence. In both periods, adjusted median urine iodine concentrations were similar in Gomel and Minsk oblasts, where *89% of cohort members resided, and were lowest in Mogilev oblast. Yet Mogilev oblast and rural areas showed the most marked increases over time.
CONCLUSIONS : Trends in urinary iodine concentrations and prevalence of diffuse goiter by palpation suggest that iodination efforts in Belarus were successful, with benefits extending to the most iodine-deficient populations. Iodine status should be considered when evaluating thyroid disease risk in radioiodine-exposed populations since it can change over time and may influence rates of disease and, possibly, dose-response relationships
PMID: 21323597
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