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result sql = BACKGROUND : Historically, there has been minimal concern about the effect of adult lead exposure on the brain. Evidence from recent longitudinal studies raise concerns about the long-term effects of past exposure.
METHODS : We initiated three independent longitudinal studies to determine whether cumulative lead exposure was associated with persistent or progressive brain effects. The studies include 1,109 former U.S. organolead manufacturing workers, 803 current and former inorganic lead workers in Korea, and 1,140 50- to 70-year-old Baltimore residents with environmental lead exposure. The organolead workers had past exposure to inorganic and tetraethyl lead (TEL); in the other two studies, exposure was to inorganic lead. In each of these studies, we measured blood lead and tibia and patella lead by 109Cd K-shell-induced X-ray fluorescence.
RESULTS : Higher tibia lead was consistently associated with poorer measures of cognitive function. Longitudinal analysis of the Korean and organolead cohort indicate that the effect of lead is persistent. Moreover, MRI data on organolead workers indicates a possible progressive effect from past exposure; higher tibia lead was associated with lower brain volume. The latter study indicates that a difference in tibia lead equivalent to about one-sixth of the overall range was associated with a mean difference in these cognitive tests that was equivalent, on average, to what was observed for a five-year age difference.
CONCLUSIONS : Our data suggest that a significant proportion of what is considered to be "normal" age-related cognitive decline may, in fact, be due to past exposure to neurotoxicants such as lead.
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char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
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char = l;code = 108
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
result sql = Effects of lead on the adult brain: a 15-year exploration.
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = B;code = 66
char = A;code = 65
char = C;code = 67
char = K;code = 75
char = G;code = 71
char = R;code = 82
char = O;code = 79
char = U;code = 85
char = N;code = 78
char = D;code = 68
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char = l;code = 108
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char = h;code = 104
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char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
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char = n;code = 110
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char = m;code = 109
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char = n;code = 110
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char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
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char = t;code = 116
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char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = ;code = 32
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char = t;code = 116
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char = l;code = 108
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char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
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char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = n;code = 110
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char = ;code = 32
char = E;code = 69
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
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char = g;code = 103
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char = t;code = 116
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
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char = g;code = 103
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char = t;code = 116
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char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
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char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
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char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
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char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
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char = r;code = 114
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char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
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char = r;code = 114
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char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = M;code = 77
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = O;code = 79
char = D;code = 68
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
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char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = W;code = 87
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
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char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
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char = w;code = 119
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char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
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char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
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char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
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char = r;code = 114
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char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
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char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
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char = a;code = 97
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char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = 1;code = 49
char = 0;code = 48
char = 9;code = 57
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char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = U;code = 85
char = .;code = 46
char = S;code = 83
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
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char = u;code = 117
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char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = 8;code = 56
char = 0;code = 48
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char = r;code = 114
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char = K;code = 75
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char = 5;code = 53
char = 0;code = 48
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char = 7;code = 55
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char = a;code = 97
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char = m;code = 109
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
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char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
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char = .;code = 46
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char = T;code = 84
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char = r;code = 114
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char = o;code = 111
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char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
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char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = T;code = 84
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char = L;code = 76
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char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
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char = <;code = 60
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char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
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char = ;code = 32
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char = r;code = 114
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char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
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char = n;code = 110
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char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
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char = x;code = 120
char = t;code = 116
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char = ;code = 32
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char = ;code = 32
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
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char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
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char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = y;code = 121
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = C;code = 67
char = L;code = 76
char = U;code = 85
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = O;code = 79
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = ";code = 34
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ";code = 34
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = x;code = 120
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = .;code = 46
result sql = BACKGROUND : Historically, there has been minimal concern about the effect of adult lead exposure on the brain. Evidence from recent longitudinal studies raise concerns about the long-term effects of past exposure.
METHODS : We initiated three independent longitudinal studies to determine whether cumulative lead exposure was associated with persistent or progressive brain effects. The studies include 1,109 former U.S. organolead manufacturing workers, 803 current and former inorganic lead workers in Korea, and 1,140 50- to 70-year-old Baltimore residents with environmental lead exposure. The organolead workers had past exposure to inorganic and tetraethyl lead (TEL); in the other two studies, exposure was to inorganic lead. In each of these studies, we measured blood lead and tibia and patella lead by 109Cd K-shell-induced X-ray fluorescence.
RESULTS : Higher tibia lead was consistently associated with poorer measures of cognitive function. Longitudinal analysis of the Korean and organolead cohort indicate that the effect of lead is persistent. Moreover, MRI data on organolead workers indicates a possible progressive effect from past exposure; higher tibia lead was associated with lower brain volume. The latter study indicates that a difference in tibia lead equivalent to about one-sixth of the overall range was associated with a mean difference in these cognitive tests that was equivalent, on average, to what was observed for a five-year age difference.
CONCLUSIONS : Our data suggest that a significant proportion of what is considered to be "normal" age-related cognitive decline may, in fact, be due to past exposure to neurotoxicants such as lead.
Publication: Am. J. Ind. Med. 2007 Oct ;50(10)::729-39.
Publication Date: 2007 Oct
Study Author(s): Stewart, Walter F;Schwartz, Brian S;
Institution: Center for Health Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822, USA. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2007 Oct
Study Author(s): Stewart, Walter F;Schwartz, Brian S;
Institution: Center for Health Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, Pennsylvania 17822, USA. [email protected]
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BACKGROUND : Historically, there has been minimal concern about the effect of adult lead exposure on the brain. Evidence from recent longitudinal studies raise concerns about the long-term effects of past exposure.
METHODS : We initiated three independent longitudinal studies to determine whether cumulative lead exposure was associated with persistent or progressive brain effects. The studies include 1,109 former U.S. organolead manufacturing workers, 803 current and former inorganic lead workers in Korea, and 1,140 50- to 70-year-old Baltimore residents with environmental lead exposure. The organolead workers had past exposure to inorganic and tetraethyl lead (TEL); in the other two studies, exposure was to inorganic lead. In each of these studies, we measured blood lead and tibia and patella lead by 109Cd K-shell-induced X-ray fluorescence.
RESULTS : Higher tibia lead was consistently associated with poorer measures of cognitive function. Longitudinal analysis of the Korean and organolead cohort indicate that the effect of lead is persistent. Moreover, MRI data on organolead workers indicates a possible progressive effect from past exposure; higher tibia lead was associated with lower brain volume. The latter study indicates that a difference in tibia lead equivalent to about one-sixth of the overall range was associated with a mean difference in these cognitive tests that was equivalent, on average, to what was observed for a five-year age difference.
CONCLUSIONS : Our data suggest that a significant proportion of what is considered to be "normal" age-related cognitive decline may, in fact, be due to past exposure to neurotoxicants such as lead.
METHODS : We initiated three independent longitudinal studies to determine whether cumulative lead exposure was associated with persistent or progressive brain effects. The studies include 1,109 former U.S. organolead manufacturing workers, 803 current and former inorganic lead workers in Korea, and 1,140 50- to 70-year-old Baltimore residents with environmental lead exposure. The organolead workers had past exposure to inorganic and tetraethyl lead (TEL); in the other two studies, exposure was to inorganic lead. In each of these studies, we measured blood lead and tibia and patella lead by 109Cd K-shell-induced X-ray fluorescence.
RESULTS : Higher tibia lead was consistently associated with poorer measures of cognitive function. Longitudinal analysis of the Korean and organolead cohort indicate that the effect of lead is persistent. Moreover, MRI data on organolead workers indicates a possible progressive effect from past exposure; higher tibia lead was associated with lower brain volume. The latter study indicates that a difference in tibia lead equivalent to about one-sixth of the overall range was associated with a mean difference in these cognitive tests that was equivalent, on average, to what was observed for a five-year age difference.
CONCLUSIONS : Our data suggest that a significant proportion of what is considered to be "normal" age-related cognitive decline may, in fact, be due to past exposure to neurotoxicants such as lead.
PMID: 17311281
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