char = M;code = 77 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = -;code = 45 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = -;code = 45 char = S;code = 83 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = k;code = 107 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Methylglyoxal-infused honey mimics the anti-Staphylococcus aureus biofilm activity of manuka honey: potential implication in chronic rhinosinusitis.
Methylglyoxal-infused honey mimics the anti-Staphylococcus aureus biofilm activity of manuka honey: potential implication in chronic rhinosinusitis.char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = O;code = 79 char = B;code = 66 char = J;code = 74 char = E;code = 69 char = C;code = 67 char = T;code = 84 char = I;code = 73 char = V;code = 86 char = E;code = 69 char = S;code = 83 char = /;code = 47 char = H;code = 72 char = Y;code = 89 char = P;code = 80 char = O;code = 79 char = T;code = 84 char = H;code = 72 char = E;code = 69 char = S;code = 83 char = I;code = 73 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = L;code = 76 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = H;code = 72 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = k;code = 107 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = g;code = 103 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = o;code = 111 char = x;code = 120 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = M;code = 77 char = G;code = 71 char = O;code = 79 char = );code = 41 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = k;code = 107 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = -;code = 45 char = M;code = 77 char = G;code = 71 char = O;code = 79 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = k;code = 107 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = k;code = 107 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = L;code = 76 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = x;code = 120 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = z;code = 122 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = G;code = 71 char = O;code = 79 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = m;code = 109 char = -;code = 45 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = k;code = 107 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = -;code = 45 char = d;code = 100 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = G;code = 71 char = O;code = 79 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = S;code = 83 char = T;code = 84 char = U;code = 85 char = D;code = 68 char = Y;code = 89 char = ;code = 32 char = D;code = 68 char = E;code = 69 char = S;code = 83 char = I;code = 73 char = G;code = 71 char = N;code = 78 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = M;code = 77 char = E;code = 69 char = T;code = 84 char = H;code = 72 char = O;code = 79 char = D;code = 68 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = F;code = 70 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = b;code = 98 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = m;code = 109 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = F;code = 70 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = m;code = 109 char = -;code = 45 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = 1;code = 49 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = k;code = 107 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = 7;code = 55 char = 9;code = 57 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = g;code = 103 char = /;code = 47 char = k;code = 107 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = G;code = 71 char = O;code = 79 char = );code = 41 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = -;code = 45 char = M;code = 77 char = G;code = 71 char = O;code = 79 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = 7;code = 55 char = 9;code = 57 char = 0;code = 48 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = g;code = 103 char = /;code = 47 char = k;code = 107 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = G;code = 71 char = O;code = 79 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = 3;code = 51 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = G;code = 71 char = O;code = 79 char = -;code = 45 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = G;code = 71 char = O;code = 79 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = k;code = 107 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = R;code = 82 char = E;code = 69 char = S;code = 83 char = U;code = 85 char = L;code = 76 char = T;code = 84 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = A;code = 65 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = G;code = 71 char = O;code = 79 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = 0;code = 48 char = .;code = 46 char = 5;code = 53 char = 3;code = 51 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = g;code = 103 char = /;code = 47 char = m;code = 109 char = L;code = 76 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = m;code = 109 char = -;code = 45 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;;code = 59 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = &;code = 38 char = #;code = 35 char = 8;code = 56 char = 8;code = 56 char = 0;code = 48 char = 5;code = 53 char = ;;code = 59 char = 1;code = 49 char = .;code = 46 char = 0;code = 48 char = 5;code = 53 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = g;code = 103 char = /;code = 47 char = m;code = 109 char = L;code = 76 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = G;code = 71 char = O;code = 79 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = C;code = 67 char = O;code = 79 char = N;code = 78 char = C;code = 67 char = L;code = 76 char = U;code = 85 char = S;code = 83 char = I;code = 73 char = O;code = 79 char = N;code = 78 char = S;code = 83 char = ;code = 32 char = :;code = 58 char = ;code = 32 char = <;code = 60 char = /;code = 47 char = b;code = 98 char = >;code = 62 char = M;code = 77 char = G;code = 71 char = O;code = 79 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = k;code = 107 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = I;code = 73 char = n;code = 110 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = G;code = 71 char = O;code = 79 char = -;code = 45 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = G;code = 71 char = O;code = 79 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = M;code = 77 char = G;code = 71 char = O;code = 79 char = -;code = 45 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = k;code = 107 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = y;code = 121 char = .;code = 46 result sql = OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS : Low pH, hydrogen peroxide generation, and the hyperosmolarity mechanisms of antimicrobial action are ubiquitous for all honeys. In addition, manuka honey has been shown to contain high concentrations of methylglyoxal (MGO), contributing the relatively superior antimicrobial activity of manuka honey compared to non-MGO honeys. In high concentrations, manuka honey is effective in killing Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in vitro. Lower concentrations of honey, however, are desirable for clinical use as a topical rinse in chronic rhinosinusitis in order to maximize the tolerability and practicality of the delivery technique. This study, therefore, was designed to evaluate the contribution of MGO to the biofilm-cidal activity of manuka honey, and furthermore determine whether the antibiofilm activity of low-dose honey can be augmented by the addition of exogenous MGO.STUDY DESIGN : In vitro microbiology experiment.METHODS : Five S. aureus strains (four clinical isolates and one reference strain) were incubated to form biofilms using a previously established in vitro dynamic peg model. First, the biofilm-cidal activities of 1) manuka honey (790 mg/kg MGO), 2) non-MGO honey supplemented with 790 mg/kg MGO, and 3) MGO-only solutions were assessed. Second, the experiment was repeated using honey solutions supplemented with sufficient MGO to achieve concentrations exceeding those seen in commercially available manuka honey preparations.RESULTS : All honey solutions containing a MGO concentration of 0.53 mg/mL or greater demonstrated biofilm-cidal activity; equivalent activity was achieved with ≥1.05 mg/mL MGO solution.CONCLUSIONS : MGO is only partially responsible for the antibiofilm activity of manuka honey. Infusion of MGO-negative honey with MGO, however, achieves similar cidality to the equivalent MGO-rich manuka honey.
Publication: Laryngoscope 2011 May ;121(5)::1104-7. :doi: 10.1002/lary.21717.
Publication Date: 2011 May
Study Author(s): Jervis-Bardy, Joshua;Foreman, Andrew;Bray, Sarah;Tan, Lorwai;Wormald, Peter-John;
Institution: Department of Surgery-Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Adelaide and Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
Shortcut link to this study:
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS : Low pH, hydrogen peroxide generation, and the hyperosmolarity mechanisms of antimicrobial action are ubiquitous for all honeys. In addition, manuka honey has been shown to contain high concentrations of methylglyoxal (MGO), contributing the relatively superior antimicrobial activity of manuka honey compared to non-MGO honeys. In high concentrations, manuka honey is effective in killing Staphylococcus aureus biofilms in vitro. Lower concentrations of honey, however, are desirable for clinical use as a topical rinse in chronic rhinosinusitis in order to maximize the tolerability and practicality of the delivery technique. This study, therefore, was designed to evaluate the contribution of MGO to the biofilm-cidal activity of manuka honey, and furthermore determine whether the antibiofilm activity of low-dose honey can be augmented by the addition of exogenous MGO.STUDY DESIGN : In vitro microbiology experiment.METHODS : Five S. aureus strains (four clinical isolates and one reference strain) were incubated to form biofilms using a previously established in vitro dynamic peg model. First, the biofilm-cidal activities of 1) manuka honey (790 mg/kg MGO), 2) non-MGO honey supplemented with 790 mg/kg MGO, and 3) MGO-only solutions were assessed. Second, the experiment was repeated using honey solutions supplemented with sufficient MGO to achieve concentrations exceeding those seen in commercially available manuka honey preparations.RESULTS : All honey solutions containing a MGO concentration of 0.53 mg/mL or greater demonstrated biofilm-cidal activity; equivalent activity was achieved with ≥1.05 mg/mL MGO solution.CONCLUSIONS : MGO is only partially responsible for the antibiofilm activity of manuka honey. Infusion of MGO-negative honey with MGO, however, achieves similar cidality to the equivalent MGO-rich manuka honey.
PMID: 21520131