char = N;code = 78 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = -;code = 45 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 result sql = Nucleotides released by apoptotic cells act as a find-me signal to promote phagocytic clearance.
Nucleotides released by apoptotic cells act as a find-me signal to promote phagocytic clearance.char = P;code = 80 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = w;code = 119 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = ';code = 39 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = -;code = 45 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ';code = 39 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = y;code = 121 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = H;code = 72 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = -;code = 45 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = H;code = 72 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = g;code = 103 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = -;code = 45 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = -;code = 45 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = T;code = 84 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = U;code = 85 char = T;code = 84 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = q;code = 113 char = u;code = 117 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = E;code = 69 char = n;code = 110 char = z;code = 122 char = y;code = 121 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = T;code = 84 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = U;code = 85 char = T;code = 84 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = y;code = 121 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = x;code = 120 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = C;code = 67 char = D;code = 68 char = 3;code = 51 char = 9;code = 57 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = W;code = 87 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = A;code = 65 char = T;code = 84 char = P;code = 80 char = /;code = 47 char = U;code = 85 char = T;code = 84 char = P;code = 80 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = 2;code = 50 char = Y;code = 89 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = u;code = 117 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = g;code = 103 char = ;code = 32 char = R;code = 82 char = N;code = 78 char = A;code = 65 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = -;code = 45 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = u;code = 117 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = 2;code = 50 char = Y;code = 89 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = -;code = 45 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = w;code = 119 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = F;code = 70 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = s;code = 115 char = t;code = 116 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = u;code = 117 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = -;code = 45 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = g;code = 103 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = ;code = 32 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = ;;code = 59 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = b;code = 98 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = i;code = 105 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = 2;code = 50 char = Y;code = 89 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = (;code = 40 char = -;code = 45 char = /;code = 47 char = -;code = 45 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = k;code = 107 char = n;code = 110 char = o;code = 111 char = w;code = 119 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = 2;code = 50 char = r;code = 114 char = y;code = 121 char = 2;code = 50 char = (;code = 40 char = -;code = 45 char = /;code = 47 char = -;code = 45 char = );code = 41 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = S;code = 83 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = y;code = 121 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = l;code = 108 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = m;code = 109 char = p;code = 112 char = a;code = 97 char = i;code = 105 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = f;code = 102 char = e;code = 101 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = w;code = 119 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = h;code = 104 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = 2;code = 50 char = Y;code = 89 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = u;code = 117 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = (;code = 40 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = m;code = 109 char = a;code = 97 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = l;code = 108 char = o;code = 111 char = g;code = 103 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = b;code = 98 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = 2;code = 50 char = Y;code = 89 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = (;code = 40 char = -;code = 45 char = /;code = 47 char = -;code = 45 char = );code = 41 char = ;code = 32 char = m;code = 109 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = );code = 41 char = .;code = 46 char = ;code = 32 char = T;code = 84 char = h;code = 104 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = u;code = 117 char = l;code = 108 char = t;code = 116 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = f;code = 102 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = n;code = 110 char = u;code = 117 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = -;code = 45 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = u;code = 117 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = y;code = 121 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = p;code = 112 char = o;code = 111 char = p;code = 112 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = l;code = 108 char = s;code = 115 char = ;code = 32 char = t;code = 116 char = o;code = 111 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = m;code = 109 char = o;code = 111 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = P;code = 80 char = 2;code = 50 char = Y;code = 89 char = (;code = 40 char = 2;code = 50 char = );code = 41 char = -;code = 45 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = p;code = 112 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = c;code = 99 char = r;code = 114 char = u;code = 117 char = i;code = 105 char = t;code = 116 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = o;code = 111 char = f;code = 102 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = h;code = 104 char = a;code = 97 char = g;code = 103 char = o;code = 111 char = c;code = 99 char = y;code = 121 char = t;code = 116 char = e;code = 101 char = s;code = 115 char = ,;code = 44 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = p;code = 112 char = r;code = 114 char = o;code = 111 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = d;code = 100 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = ;code = 32 char = r;code = 114 char = e;code = 101 char = l;code = 108 char = a;code = 97 char = t;code = 116 char = i;code = 105 char = o;code = 111 char = n;code = 110 char = s;code = 115 char = h;code = 104 char = i;code = 105 char = p;code = 112 char = ;code = 32 char = b;code = 98 char = e;code = 101 char = t;code = 116 char = w;code = 119 char = e;code = 101 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = ;code = 32 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = -;code = 45 char = m;code = 109 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = s;code = 115 char = i;code = 105 char = g;code = 103 char = n;code = 110 char = a;code = 97 char = l;code = 108 char = ;code = 32 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = d;code = 100 char = ;code = 32 char = e;code = 101 char = f;code = 102 char = f;code = 102 char = i;code = 105 char = c;code = 99 char = i;code = 105 char = e;code = 101 char = n;code = 110 char = t;code = 116 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = o;code = 111 char = r;code = 114 char = p;code = 112 char = s;code = 115 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = c;code = 99 char = l;code = 108 char = e;code = 101 char = a;code = 97 char = r;code = 114 char = a;code = 97 char = n;code = 110 char = c;code = 99 char = e;code = 101 char = ;code = 32 char = i;code = 105 char = n;code = 110 char = ;code = 32 char = v;code = 118 char = i;code = 105 char = v;code = 118 char = o;code = 111 char = .;code = 46 char = <;code = 60 char = b;code = 98 char = r;code = 114 char = /;code = 47 char = >;code = 62 result sql = Phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells occurs efficiently in vivo such that even in tissues with significant apoptosis, very few apoptotic cells are detectable. This is thought to be due to the release of 'find-me' signals by apoptotic cells that recruit motile phagocytes such as monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, leading to the prompt clearance of the dying cells. However, the identity and in vivo relevance of such find-me signals are not well understood. Here, through several lines of evidence, we identify extracellular nucleotides as a critical apoptotic cell find-me signal. We demonstrate the caspase-dependent release of ATP and UTP (in equimolar quantities) during the early stages of apoptosis by primary thymocytes and cell lines. Purified nucleotides at these concentrations were sufficient to induce monocyte recruitment comparable to that of apoptotic cell supernatants. Enzymatic removal of ATP and UTP (by apyrase or the expression of ectopic CD39) abrogated the ability of apoptotic cell supernatants to recruit monocytes in vitro and in vivo. We then identified the ATP/UTP receptor P2Y(2) as a critical sensor of nucleotides released by apoptotic cells using RNA interference-mediated depletion studies in monocytes, and macrophages from P2Y(2)-null mice. The relevance of nucleotides in apoptotic cell clearance in vivo was revealed by two approaches. First, in a murine air-pouch model, apoptotic cell supernatants induced a threefold greater recruitment of monocytes and macrophages than supernatants from healthy cells did; this recruitment was abolished by depletion of nucleotides and was significantly decreased in P2Y(2)(-/-) (also known as P2ry2(-/-)) mice. Second, clearance of apoptotic thymocytes was significantly impaired by either depletion of nucleotides or interference with P2Y receptor function (by pharmacological inhibition or in P2Y(2)(-/-) mice). These results identify nucleotides as a critical find-me cue released by apoptotic cells to promote P2Y(2)-dependent recruitment of phagocytes, and provide evidence for a clear relationship between a find-me signal and efficient corpse clearance in vivo.
Publication: Nature 2009 Sep 10 ;461(7261)::282-6. :doi: 10.1038/nature08296.
Publication Date: 2009 Sep 10
Study Author(s): Elliott, Michael R;Chekeni, Faraaz B;Trampont, Paul C;Lazarowski, Eduardo R;Kadl, Alexandra;Walk, Scott F;Park, Daeho;Woodson, Robin I;Ostankovich, Marina;Sharma, Poonam;Lysiak, Jeffrey J;Harden, T Kendall;Leitinger, Norbert;Ravichandran, Kodi S;
Institution: Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
Phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells occurs efficiently in vivo such that even in tissues with significant apoptosis, very few apoptotic cells are detectable. This is thought to be due to the release of 'find-me' signals by apoptotic cells that recruit motile phagocytes such as monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, leading to the prompt clearance of the dying cells. However, the identity and in vivo relevance of such find-me signals are not well understood. Here, through several lines of evidence, we identify extracellular nucleotides as a critical apoptotic cell find-me signal. We demonstrate the caspase-dependent release of ATP and UTP (in equimolar quantities) during the early stages of apoptosis by primary thymocytes and cell lines. Purified nucleotides at these concentrations were sufficient to induce monocyte recruitment comparable to that of apoptotic cell supernatants. Enzymatic removal of ATP and UTP (by apyrase or the expression of ectopic CD39) abrogated the ability of apoptotic cell supernatants to recruit monocytes in vitro and in vivo. We then identified the ATP/UTP receptor P2Y(2) as a critical sensor of nucleotides released by apoptotic cells using RNA interference-mediated depletion studies in monocytes, and macrophages from P2Y(2)-null mice. The relevance of nucleotides in apoptotic cell clearance in vivo was revealed by two approaches. First, in a murine air-pouch model, apoptotic cell supernatants induced a threefold greater recruitment of monocytes and macrophages than supernatants from healthy cells did; this recruitment was abolished by depletion of nucleotides and was significantly decreased in P2Y(2)(-/-) (also known as P2ry2(-/-)) mice. Second, clearance of apoptotic thymocytes was significantly impaired by either depletion of nucleotides or interference with P2Y receptor function (by pharmacological inhibition or in P2Y(2)(-/-) mice). These results identify nucleotides as a critical find-me cue released by apoptotic cells to promote P2Y(2)-dependent recruitment of phagocytes, and provide evidence for a clear relationship between a find-me signal and efficient corpse clearance in vivo.
PMID: 19741708