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result sql = Muscarinic receptor activation protects cells from apoptotic effects of DNA damage, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial inhibition.

Muscarinic receptor activation protects cells from apoptotic effects of DNA damage, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial inhibition.

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char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
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char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
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char = );code = 41
char = O;code = 79
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = h;code = 104
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = b;code = 98
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = 3;code = 51
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
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char = m;code = 109
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char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
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char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
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char = m;code = 109
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
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char = p;code = 112
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
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char = i;code = 105
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char = d;code = 100
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char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
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char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
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char = k;code = 107
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char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
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char = d;code = 100
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
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char = h;code = 104
char = r;code = 114
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char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = r;code = 114
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = w;code = 119
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = a;code = 97
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char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
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char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = 2;code = 50
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
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char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
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char = k;code = 107
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = B;code = 66
char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = m;code = 109
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
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char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
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char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
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char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
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char = p;code = 112
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char = x;code = 120
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = B;code = 66
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char = t;code = 116
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char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
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char = x;code = 120
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = M;code = 77
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = m;code = 109
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = m;code = 109
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char = t;code = 116
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char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = O;code = 79
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = r;code = 114
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
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char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
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char = r;code = 114
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char = c;code = 99
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char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = D;code = 68
char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
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char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
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char = r;code = 114
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
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char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = g;code = 103
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = u;code = 117
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = s;code = 115
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char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
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char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
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char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
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char = s;code = 115
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char = l;code = 108
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result sql = The impact of muscarinic receptor stimulation was examined on apoptotic signaling induced by DNA damage, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial impairment. Exposure of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells to the DNA-damaging agent camptothecin increased p53 levels, activated caspase-3, and caused cell death. Pretreatment with oxotremorine-M, a selective agonist of muscarinic receptors that are expressed endogenously in these cells, did not affect the accumulation of p53 but greatly attenuated caspase-3 activation and protected from cell death to nearly the same extent as treatment with a general caspase inhibitor. Treatment with 50-200 microm H(2)O(2) caused the activation of caspase-3 beginning after 2-3 h, followed by eventual cell death. Oxotremorine-M pretreatment protected cells from H(2)O(2)-induced caspase-3 activation and death, and this was equivalent to protection afforded by a caspase inhibitor. Muscarinic receptor stimulation also protected cells from caspase-3 activation induced by exposure to rotenone, a mitochondrial complex 1 inhibitor, but no protection was evident from staurosporine-induced caspase-3 activation. The mechanism of protection afforded by muscarinic receptor activation from camptothecin-induced apoptotic signaling involved blockade of mitochondrial cytochrome c release associated with a bolstering of mitochondrial bcl-2 levels and blockade of the translocation of Bax to mitochondria. Likely the most proximal of these events to muscarinic receptor activation, mitochondrial Bax accumulation, also was attenuated by oxotremorine-M treatment after treatment with H(2)O(2) or rotenone. These results demonstrate that stimulation of muscarinic receptors provides substantial protection from DNA damage, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial impairment, insults that may be encountered by neurons in development, aging, or neurodegenerative diseases. These findings suggest that neurotransmitter-induced signaling bolsters survival mechanisms, and inadequate neurotransmission may exacerbate neuronal loss.

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