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result sql = Demonstration of antifreeze protein activity in Antarctic lake bacteria.
Demonstration of antifreeze protein activity in Antarctic lake bacteria.
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char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 6;code = 54
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = D;code = 68
char = N;code = 78
char = A;code = 65
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = P;code = 80
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = -;code = 45
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = b;code = 98
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = 9;code = 57
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = F;code = 70
char = P;code = 80
char = -;code = 45
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = -;code = 45
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = P;code = 80
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = w;code = 119
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = y;code = 121
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = F;code = 70
char = P;code = 80
char = -;code = 45
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = k;code = 107
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = F;code = 70
char = P;code = 80
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = V;code = 86
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = H;code = 72
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = k;code = 107
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = z;code = 122
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = g;code = 103
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = m;code = 109
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
result sql = Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are a structurally diverse group of proteins that have the ability to modify ice crystal structure and inhibit recrystallization of ice. AFPs are well characterized in fish and insects, but very few bacterial species have been shown to have AFP activity to date. Thirty eight freshwater to hypersaline lakes in the Vestfold Hills and Larsemann Hills of Eastern Antarctica were sampled for AFPs during 2000. Eight hundred and sixty six bacterial isolates were cultivated. A novel AFP assay, designed for high-throughput analysis in Antarctica, demonstrated putative activity in 187 of the cultures. Subsequent analysis of the putative positive isolates showed 19 isolates with significant recrystallization inhibition (RI) activity. The 19 RI active isolates were characterized using ARDRA (amplified rDNA restriction analysis) and 16S rDNA sequencing. They belong to genera from the alpha- and gamma-Proteobacteria, with genera from the gamma-subdivision being predominant. The 19 AFP-active isolates were isolated from four physico-chemically diverse lakes. Ace Lake and Oval Lake were both meromictic with correspondingly characteristic chemically stratified water columns. Pendant Lake was a saline holomictic lake with different chemical properties to the two meromictic lakes. Triple Lake was a hypersaline lake rich in dissolved organic carbon and inorganic nutrients. The environments from which the AFP-active isolates were isolated are remarkably diverse. It will be of interest, therefore, to elucidate the evolutionary forces that have led to the acquisition of functional AFP activity in microbes of the Vestfold Hills lakes and to discover the role the antifreezes play in these organisms.

Publication: Microbiology (Reading, Engl.) 2004 Jan ;150(Pt 1)::171-80.
Publication Date: 2004 Jan
Study Author(s): Gilbert, Jack A;Hill, Philip J;Dodd, Christine E R;Laybourn-Parry, Johanna;
Institution: Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK. [email protected]
Shortcut link to this study:
Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) are a structurally diverse group of proteins that have the ability to modify ice crystal structure and inhibit recrystallization of ice. AFPs are well characterized in fish and insects, but very few bacterial species have been shown to have AFP activity to date. Thirty eight freshwater to hypersaline lakes in the Vestfold Hills and Larsemann Hills of Eastern Antarctica were sampled for AFPs during 2000. Eight hundred and sixty six bacterial isolates were cultivated. A novel AFP assay, designed for high-throughput analysis in Antarctica, demonstrated putative activity in 187 of the cultures. Subsequent analysis of the putative positive isolates showed 19 isolates with significant recrystallization inhibition (RI) activity. The 19 RI active isolates were characterized using ARDRA (amplified rDNA restriction analysis) and 16S rDNA sequencing. They belong to genera from the alpha- and gamma-Proteobacteria, with genera from the gamma-subdivision being predominant. The 19 AFP-active isolates were isolated from four physico-chemically diverse lakes. Ace Lake and Oval Lake were both meromictic with correspondingly characteristic chemically stratified water columns. Pendant Lake was a saline holomictic lake with different chemical properties to the two meromictic lakes. Triple Lake was a hypersaline lake rich in dissolved organic carbon and inorganic nutrients. The environments from which the AFP-active isolates were isolated are remarkably diverse. It will be of interest, therefore, to elucidate the evolutionary forces that have led to the acquisition of functional AFP activity in microbes of the Vestfold Hills lakes and to discover the role the antifreezes play in these organisms.
PMID: 14702410

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