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char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
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char = ;code = 32
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char = 5;code = 53
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char = 6;code = 54
char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = +;code = 43
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char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = 2;code = 50
char = 8;code = 56
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char = (;code = 40
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char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
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char = v;code = 118
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
char = ;code = 32
char = +;code = 43
char = /;code = 47
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char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
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char = t;code = 116
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char = .;code = 46
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char = L;code = 76
char = i;code = 105
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = (;code = 40
char = 7;code = 55
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char = 9;code = 57
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char = v;code = 118
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = 9;code = 57
char = .;code = 46
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = +;code = 43
char = /;code = 47
char = -;code = 45
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 9;code = 57
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = .;code = 46
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = +;code = 43
char = /;code = 47
char = -;code = 45
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
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char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = O;code = 79
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
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char = l;code = 108
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char = s;code = 115
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char = c;code = 99
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = w;code = 119
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
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char = -;code = 45
char = ;code = 32
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char = 7;code = 55
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char = v;code = 118
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = 6;code = 54
char = 2;code = 50
char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = +;code = 43
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char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 3;code = 51
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char = m;code = 109
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char = d;code = 100
char = L;code = 76
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 6;code = 54
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
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char = v;code = 118
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = 6;code = 54
char = .;code = 46
char = 2;code = 50
char = ;code = 32
char = +;code = 43
char = /;code = 47
char = -;code = 45
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
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char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = d;code = 100
char = L;code = 76
char = );code = 41
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = g;code = 103
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 3;code = 51
char = 9;code = 57
char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 1;code = 49
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = +;code = 43
char = /;code = 47
char = -;code = 45
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = 8;code = 56
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = g;code = 103
char = /;code = 47
char = m;code = 109
char = L;code = 76
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = -;code = 45
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = t;code = 116
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = F;code = 70
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
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char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = r;code = 114
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
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char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = p;code = 112
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char = d;code = 100
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char = p;code = 112
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = w;code = 119
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
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char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
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char = 2;code = 50
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char = w;code = 119
char = k;code = 107
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
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char = o;code = 111
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char = w;code = 119
char = k;code = 107
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char = p;code = 112
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char = t;code = 116
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
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char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
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char = d;code = 100
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char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
char = i;code = 105
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char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
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char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
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char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = i;code = 105
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char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = d;code = 100
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char = p;code = 112
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char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = i;code = 105
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char = c;code = 99
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
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char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = N;code = 78
char = E;code = 69
char = F;code = 70
char = A;code = 65
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
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result sql = Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were used to determine the effects of dietary fat and glucose precursors on energy status and lactation. The treatment group (T) received 409 g/d (DM basis) of a combination of calcium salts of fatty acids, calcium propionate, and propylene glycol. The control group (C) received 409 g/d of a mixture of calcium salts of fatty acids and ground barley from 14 +/- 0.9 g/d before until 21 d after calving. Dry matter intake was greater (16.1 vs. 13.6 +/- 1.3 kg/d) for T than C during the last week prepartum and did not decrease for T from the previous week, whereas, in C, DM intakes decreased by 3.2 kg/d. Production of milk and milk fat did not differ. There was a tendency for lower protein and increased lactose concentrations in milk from T cows. Milk fat percentage was lower in T at d 7 (5.5 vs. 6.4 +/- 0.5%) and 28 (4.4 vs. 5.5 +/- 0.5%) of lactation. Liver lipid content was numerically lower (7.9 vs. 9.2 +/- 0.9%) and glycogen content was significantly higher (2.4 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.1%) in T vs. C cows on d 7 of lactation. Concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids were lower in blood of T cows on d 2 and 7 of lactation. Over all time points, blood glucose concentrations were higher in T cows pre- (70.75 vs. 62.1 +/- 1.3 mg/dL) and postpartum (60.1 vs. 56.2 +/- 1.1 mg/dL). Insulin concentrations in blood were greater for T (397 vs. 314 +/- 48 pg/mL) both pre- and postpartum. Feeding glucose precursors in combination with rumen inert lipids, compared with feeding barley in combination with the lipids for 2 wk before parturition and 3 wk postpartum helped avoid prepartum feed intake depression and increased blood glucose and insulin and decreased blood NEFA.
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result sql = Effects of dietary glucogenic precursors and fat on feed intake and carbohydrate status of transition dairy cows.
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char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = k;code = 107
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char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = k;code = 107
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
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char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
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char = v;code = 118
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = 6;code = 54
char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = +;code = 43
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char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
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char = 2;code = 50
char = 8;code = 56
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 4;code = 52
char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
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char = ;code = 32
char = 5;code = 53
char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
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char = +;code = 43
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char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 5;code = 53
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char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
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char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = .;code = 46
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char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
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char = t;code = 116
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
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char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = (;code = 40
char = 7;code = 55
char = .;code = 46
char = 9;code = 57
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char = v;code = 118
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
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char = .;code = 46
char = 2;code = 50
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char = +;code = 43
char = /;code = 47
char = -;code = 45
char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
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char = %;code = 37
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char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = t;code = 116
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char = w;code = 119
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = n;code = 110
char = i;code = 105
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = (;code = 40
char = 2;code = 50
char = .;code = 46
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
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char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = 2;code = 50
char = .;code = 46
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = +;code = 43
char = /;code = 47
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char = ;code = 32
char = 0;code = 48
char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
char = %;code = 37
char = );code = 41
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
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char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = C;code = 67
char = o;code = 111
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char = c;code = 99
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char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
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char = n;code = 110
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char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
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char = n;code = 110
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = y;code = 121
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char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = s;code = 115
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char = w;code = 119
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char = e;code = 101
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char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
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char = i;code = 105
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char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = o;code = 111
char = d;code = 100
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = w;code = 119
char = s;code = 115
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char = o;code = 111
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char = O;code = 79
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char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
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char = m;code = 109
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char = h;code = 104
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char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
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char = w;code = 119
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
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char = -;code = 45
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
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char = 0;code = 48
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char = 5;code = 53
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char = v;code = 118
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char = 6;code = 54
char = 2;code = 50
char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
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char = +;code = 43
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char = 1;code = 49
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char = 3;code = 51
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char = m;code = 109
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
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char = (;code = 40
char = 6;code = 54
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char = .;code = 46
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char = 5;code = 53
char = 6;code = 54
char = .;code = 46
char = 2;code = 50
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char = +;code = 43
char = /;code = 47
char = -;code = 45
char = ;code = 32
char = 1;code = 49
char = .;code = 46
char = 1;code = 49
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char = m;code = 109
char = g;code = 103
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char = d;code = 100
char = L;code = 76
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = c;code = 99
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char = t;code = 116
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
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char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
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char = w;code = 119
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char = r;code = 114
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char = g;code = 103
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = T;code = 84
char = ;code = 32
char = (;code = 40
char = 3;code = 51
char = 9;code = 57
char = 7;code = 55
char = ;code = 32
char = v;code = 118
char = s;code = 115
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char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 1;code = 49
char = 4;code = 52
char = ;code = 32
char = +;code = 43
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char = -;code = 45
char = ;code = 32
char = 4;code = 52
char = 8;code = 56
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
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char = m;code = 109
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char = b;code = 98
char = o;code = 111
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char = h;code = 104
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char = p;code = 112
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char = e;code = 101
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char = .;code = 46
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char = F;code = 70
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
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char = i;code = 105
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char = u;code = 117
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result sql = Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were used to determine the effects of dietary fat and glucose precursors on energy status and lactation. The treatment group (T) received 409 g/d (DM basis) of a combination of calcium salts of fatty acids, calcium propionate, and propylene glycol. The control group (C) received 409 g/d of a mixture of calcium salts of fatty acids and ground barley from 14 +/- 0.9 g/d before until 21 d after calving. Dry matter intake was greater (16.1 vs. 13.6 +/- 1.3 kg/d) for T than C during the last week prepartum and did not decrease for T from the previous week, whereas, in C, DM intakes decreased by 3.2 kg/d. Production of milk and milk fat did not differ. There was a tendency for lower protein and increased lactose concentrations in milk from T cows. Milk fat percentage was lower in T at d 7 (5.5 vs. 6.4 +/- 0.5%) and 28 (4.4 vs. 5.5 +/- 0.5%) of lactation. Liver lipid content was numerically lower (7.9 vs. 9.2 +/- 0.9%) and glycogen content was significantly higher (2.4 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.1%) in T vs. C cows on d 7 of lactation. Concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids were lower in blood of T cows on d 2 and 7 of lactation. Over all time points, blood glucose concentrations were higher in T cows pre- (70.75 vs. 62.1 +/- 1.3 mg/dL) and postpartum (60.1 vs. 56.2 +/- 1.1 mg/dL). Insulin concentrations in blood were greater for T (397 vs. 314 +/- 48 pg/mL) both pre- and postpartum. Feeding glucose precursors in combination with rumen inert lipids, compared with feeding barley in combination with the lipids for 2 wk before parturition and 3 wk postpartum helped avoid prepartum feed intake depression and increased blood glucose and insulin and decreased blood NEFA.
Publication: J. Dairy Sci. 2004 Jul ;87(7)::2122-9.
Publication Date: 2004 Jul
Study Author(s): Patton, R S;Sorenson, C E;Hippen, A R;
Institution: Galisteo, New Mexico 87540, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
Publication Date: 2004 Jul
Study Author(s): Patton, R S;Sorenson, C E;Hippen, A R;
Institution: Galisteo, New Mexico 87540, USA.
Shortcut link to this study:
Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were used to determine the effects of dietary fat and glucose precursors on energy status and lactation. The treatment group (T) received 409 g/d (DM basis) of a combination of calcium salts of fatty acids, calcium propionate, and propylene glycol. The control group (C) received 409 g/d of a mixture of calcium salts of fatty acids and ground barley from 14 +/- 0.9 g/d before until 21 d after calving. Dry matter intake was greater (16.1 vs. 13.6 +/- 1.3 kg/d) for T than C during the last week prepartum and did not decrease for T from the previous week, whereas, in C, DM intakes decreased by 3.2 kg/d. Production of milk and milk fat did not differ. There was a tendency for lower protein and increased lactose concentrations in milk from T cows. Milk fat percentage was lower in T at d 7 (5.5 vs. 6.4 +/- 0.5%) and 28 (4.4 vs. 5.5 +/- 0.5%) of lactation. Liver lipid content was numerically lower (7.9 vs. 9.2 +/- 0.9%) and glycogen content was significantly higher (2.4 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.1%) in T vs. C cows on d 7 of lactation. Concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids were lower in blood of T cows on d 2 and 7 of lactation. Over all time points, blood glucose concentrations were higher in T cows pre- (70.75 vs. 62.1 +/- 1.3 mg/dL) and postpartum (60.1 vs. 56.2 +/- 1.1 mg/dL). Insulin concentrations in blood were greater for T (397 vs. 314 +/- 48 pg/mL) both pre- and postpartum. Feeding glucose precursors in combination with rumen inert lipids, compared with feeding barley in combination with the lipids for 2 wk before parturition and 3 wk postpartum helped avoid prepartum feed intake depression and increased blood glucose and insulin and decreased blood NEFA.
PMID: 15328225
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