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result sql = [Is the lead-equivalent suited for rating protection properties of lead-free radiation protective clothing?].

[Is the lead-equivalent suited for rating protection properties of lead-free radiation protective clothing?].

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char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = t;code = 116
char = s;code = 115
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char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = ;code = 32
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = ;code = 32
char = 6;code = 54
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char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = -;code = 45
char = s;code = 115
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
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char = o;code = 111
char = f;code = 102
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
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char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = b;code = 98
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char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = M;code = 77
char = A;code = 65
char = T;code = 84
char = E;code = 69
char = R;code = 82
char = I;code = 73
char = A;code = 65
char = L;code = 76
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = A;code = 65
char = N;code = 78
char = D;code = 68
char = ;code = 32
char = M;code = 77
char = E;code = 69
char = T;code = 84
char = H;code = 72
char = O;code = 79
char = D;code = 68
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = d;code = 100
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = c;code = 99
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = E;code = 69
char = C;code = 67
char = ;code = 32
char = 6;code = 54
char = 1;code = 49
char = ;code = 32
char = 3;code = 51
char = 3;code = 51
char = 1;code = 49
char = -;code = 45
char = 1;code = 49
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = b;code = 98
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = -;code = 45
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
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char = u;code = 117
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = u;code = 117
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = -;code = 45
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = -;code = 45
char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
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char = u;code = 117
char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
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char = u;code = 117
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
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char = a;code = 97
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
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char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
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char = L;code = 76
char = E;code = 69
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = a;code = 97
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char = o;code = 111
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char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = l;code = 108
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char = u;code = 117
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char = f;code = 102
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
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char = u;code = 117
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = b;code = 98
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char = a;code = 97
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = c;code = 99
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char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = s;code = 115
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
char = v;code = 118
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = .;code = 46
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = /;code = 47
char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = R;code = 82
char = E;code = 69
char = S;code = 83
char = U;code = 85
char = L;code = 76
char = T;code = 84
char = S;code = 83
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
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char = w;code = 119
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char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
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char = i;code = 105
char = d;code = 100
char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
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char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
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char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = y;code = 121
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char = o;code = 111
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char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
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char = f;code = 102
char = r;code = 114
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char = e;code = 101
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char = m;code = 109
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
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char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = u;code = 117
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = b;code = 98
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char = u;code = 117
char = p;code = 112
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = 7;code = 55
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = %;code = 37
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = c;code = 99
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
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char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = f;code = 102
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char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
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char = v;code = 118
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char = a;code = 97
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
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char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
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char = 8;code = 56
char = 0;code = 48
char = ;code = 32
char = k;code = 107
char = V;code = 86
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = L;code = 76
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char = -;code = 45
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char = s;code = 115
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char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
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char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
char = f;code = 102
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
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char = e;code = 101
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char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
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char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
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char = >;code = 62
char = <;code = 60
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = C;code = 67
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = C;code = 67
char = L;code = 76
char = U;code = 85
char = S;code = 83
char = I;code = 73
char = O;code = 79
char = N;code = 78
char = ;code = 32
char = :;code = 58
char = ;code = 32
char = <;code = 60
char = /;code = 47
char = b;code = 98
char = >;code = 62
char = U;code = 85
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = s;code = 115
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
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char = w;code = 119
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
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char = a;code = 97
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char = e;code = 101
char = e;code = 101
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char = a;code = 97
char = y;code = 121
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char = p;code = 112
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char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
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char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
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char = c;code = 99
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char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
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char = m;code = 109
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char = g;code = 103
char = h;code = 104
char = t;code = 116
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char = u;code = 117
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char = k;code = 107
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char = o;code = 111
char = w;code = 119
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
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char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
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char = e;code = 101
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char = p;code = 112
char = o;code = 111
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char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
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char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
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char = m;code = 109
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char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
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char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = d;code = 100
char = o;code = 111
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
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char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
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char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = l;code = 108
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
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char = s;code = 115
char = s;code = 115
char = u;code = 117
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = .;code = 46
char = ;code = 32
char = I;code = 73
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
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char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = f;code = 102
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char = ;code = 32
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char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = n;code = 110
char = g;code = 103
char = ;code = 32
char = s;code = 115
char = h;code = 104
char = o;code = 111
char = u;code = 117
char = l;code = 108
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = x;code = 120
char = c;code = 99
char = l;code = 108
char = u;code = 117
char = s;code = 115
char = i;code = 105
char = v;code = 118
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = f;code = 102
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = o;code = 111
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = ";code = 34
char = a;code = 97
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char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = ";code = 34
char = ,;code = 44
char = ;code = 32
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char = h;code = 104
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char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = a;code = 97
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = r;code = 114
char = o;code = 111
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = b;code = 98
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = m;code = 109
char = ;code = 32
char = g;code = 103
char = e;code = 101
char = o;code = 111
char = m;code = 109
char = e;code = 101
char = t;code = 116
char = r;code = 114
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = c;code = 99
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = r;code = 114
char = i;code = 105
char = z;code = 122
char = e;code = 101
char = s;code = 115
char = ;code = 32
char = r;code = 114
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = i;code = 105
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = t;code = 116
char = e;code = 101
char = n;code = 110
char = u;code = 117
char = a;code = 97
char = t;code = 116
char = i;code = 105
char = o;code = 111
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = u;code = 117
char = c;code = 99
char = h;code = 104
char = ;code = 32
char = m;code = 109
char = o;code = 111
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = p;code = 112
char = r;code = 114
char = e;code = 101
char = c;code = 99
char = i;code = 105
char = s;code = 115
char = e;code = 101
char = l;code = 108
char = y;code = 121
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = a;code = 97
char = n;code = 110
char = ;code = 32
char = t;code = 116
char = h;code = 104
char = e;code = 101
char = ;code = 32
char = l;code = 108
char = e;code = 101
char = a;code = 97
char = d;code = 100
char = ;code = 32
char = e;code = 101
char = q;code = 113
char = u;code = 117
char = i;code = 105
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char = .;code = 46
result sql = PURPOSE : Currently, lead-free x-ray-protective clothing is classified by the European production standard EN 61 331-3. To evaluate protective effects of lead-free materials according to this standard, the certifying offices as well as customers solely refer to the lead equivalent (LE). The LE of lead-free protective clothing, however, depends on the tube voltage (energy spectrum). Therefore, stating a single value for x-ray-protective clothing does not reveal the protective efficacy for the complete range of energy as applied in clinical practice. Moreover, the method of narrow beam geometry does not account for information on secondary radiation (scattered and fluorescent radiation) generated within the material. Lead-free materials, however, generate large-scale fluorescent radiation, especially for elements with atomic numbers below 60. As a consequence, full-scale secondary radiation of a given material can only be detected with a broad beam setup.

MATERIALS AND METHODS : In accordance with IEC 61 331-1, we compared commercially available radiation-protective aprons manufactured with lead-free or partially lead-free materials with aprons manufactured on a lead-oxide basis. In addition to the LE, attenuation ratios and dose-build-up-factors under broad beam-conditions were evaluated.

RESULTS : In comparison with lead-oxide materials, protection efficacy of lead-free materials is reduced by up to 70 %, particularly for a tube voltage below 80 kV. Lead-composite materials (partially lead-free materials) are less affected.

CONCLUSION : Users and patients wearing lead-free x-ray-protective clothing might unknowingly be exposed to a much larger dose than generally assumed. In the future, radiation protection rating should exclusively refer to the "attenuation ratio", which is based on broad beam geometry and characterizes radiation attenuation much more precisely than the lead equivalent.

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